The objectives of this study were to estimate heritability and breeding value for some economic traits and the impact of some environmental factors on these traits in Holstein dairy cattle in Egypt. The data of 10034 records for 3295 Holstein cows were studied during the period from 1998 to 2021 in El-Alamia farm which is belonging to Universal Company for Agricultural Development and Soil Reclamation and has a commercial dairy herd located at Nubaria region in the K 90 Alex - Cairo desert road. The traits under study were: Total milk yield (TMY, kg), 305-day milk yield (305-dMY, kg), Lactation length (LL, day), Dry period (DP, day), Days open (DO, day), Calving interval (CI, month) and Gestation length (GL, day). The results showed that all traits under study were significantly influenced by parity. Also, the calving year has a significant effect on the studied traits except for gestation length. In the same trend, the effect of calving season was significant in all traits except lactation length and gestation length. Heritability estimates were 0.265, 0.393, 0.488, 0.238, 0.12, 0.138 and 0.57 for TMY, 305-dMY, LL, DP, DO, CI and GL, respectively. Cow breeding values for TMY, 305-dMY, LL, DP, DO, CI and GL ranged from -957 to 2170.5 kg, from -2432.75 to 2713.75 kg, from -266.25 to 340 days, from -114 to 100.25, from -105.75 to 164 days, from -13.9 to 13.18 months and from -0.33 to 0.45 days, respectively. Dams breeding values ranged from -823.5 to 1364.25 kg, from -1076.75 to 1531.75 kg, from -139.75 to 186.5 days, from -79.75 to 46.5, from -58.25 to 82 days, from -8.23 to 8.63 months and from -0.28 to 0.53 days, respectively. Sires breeding values ranged from -1057.75 to 1082 kg, from -1458 to 1549.25 kg, from -219.25 to 292.75 days, from -79.5 to 85.25 days, from -75.5 to 89 days, from -8.7 to 7.08 months and from -0.58 to 0.60 days, respectively. In conclusion, heritability values for all traits under study were low to moderate except for gestation length was a high value, so the most useful way to improve the traits under the study would be by improving the management level. Also, an estimated cow's breeding value has a wide range than sires' or dams' breeding value revealing a higher genetic variance and a good chance of selecting superior cows.

Some sandflies are vectors for leishmaniasis, therefore knowing the fauna of the region is important in combating the disease. Sandflies were captured in Concórdia, SC, Brazil, and Leishmania spp. in captured females. Thirty-eight specimens of six different species were collected, one of which (Brumptomyia carvalheiroi) is reported for the first time in the south of the country. However, there were no samples of sandflies positive for Leishmania spp. Despite reports of allochthonous cases in the region studied, the agent is not yet circulating in vectors, but these represent a potential risk when new cases occur.

Moringa Oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM) has the potential as a protein source that might replace soybean meal. In Indonesia, soybean meal is an imported commodity whose price is expensive. This study aimed to analyze the use of MOLM to substitute soybean meal in complete ration on the consumption of nutrients, digested nutrients, digestibility nutrients, N balance, hematology, and ADG of Javanese Thin-Tailed Ewes (JTTE). Fifteen JTTE 2-3 years old were divided into three different levels of MOLM treatment with 5 replications. The complete ration consists of 60% concentrate and 40% Dried Ipomea Aquatica Straw (DIAS) as a source of fiber. The concentrates used are soybean meal, corn meal, pollard, copra meal, and MOLM. The composition of the treatment rations: (T1) 0% MOLM + 60% concentrate + 40% DIAS, (T2) 10% MOLM + 50% concentrate + 40% DIAS. (T3) 20% MOLM + 40% concentrate + 40% DIAS. Treatment feed was given for 2 months as much as 4% of body weight/day, and drinking water was given ad libitum. The collected data included feed consumption, feed refusal, blood, faeces, urine, and body weight. The results showed that sheep received 10% MOLM levels of increase (P<0.05) DM, OM, CF, ETN, and TDN consumption compared to controls. However, the levels of 20% decrease (P<0.05) DM, OM, CF, ETN, and TDN consumption compared to controls. Compared to controls, the 10% MOLM increase (P<0.05) digested nutrients DM, OM, ETN, and TDN. Compared to controls, the level of 10% MOLM increase (P<0.05) ETN, and TDN digestibility coeffisient. Sheep that received a 10% MOLM increase (P>0.05) balance N and nitrogen retention compared to control. The 10% MOLM level increase (P<0.05) ADG compared to the 20% level and control (120 vs. 106 vs. 112 g/head/day). Sheep treated with 10% MOLM increased (P<0.05) white blood cells (WBC) than controls and those treated with 20% MOLM (10.5 vs. 6.40 vs. 7.20). It could be concluded that the level of 10% MOLM (20% soybean meal substitution) in a complete ration based on Dried Ipomea Aquatica Straw (DIAS) has a better effect on nutrient consumption, digested nutrients, retention N, hematology and ADG of JTTE.

Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease of poultry caused by Pasteurella multocida and has a significant economic importance worldwide. Fowl cholera prevention depends mainly on vaccination using live and inactivated vaccines, but they have many limitations. The present study aimed to prepare fowl cholera chicken embryo derived inactivated bacterin and to evaluate it by experimental infection and molecular evaluation. Fowl cholera chicken embryo derived inactivated bacterin prepared by in-vivo growing of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3 (P-1059) on chicken embryonating eggs, then inactivated by formalin (0.3%) and adjuvant added and then quality control parameters tested. The prepared bacterin was evaluated by experimental challenge with homologues and heterologous serotypes of Pasteurella multocida serotypes in comparison with commercial inactivated multivalent vaccine. Molecular evaluation of prepared bacterin was carried out using SDS-PAGE for in-vivo and in-vitro grown Pasteurella multocida serotypes. Results revealed that the prepared fowl cholera chicken embryo derived inactivated bacterin was free from bacterial and fungal contaminations and safe for use. Fowl cholera chicken embryo derived inactivated bacterin provided high protection rates with low mortalities against experimental infections with homologues and heterologous serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. Results of SDS-PAGE revealed that in-vivo grown Pasteurella multocida serotypes showed expression of additional specific bands (35kDa, 39kDa). It was suggested that 39kDa is a dominant structural protein in Pasteurella multocida grown in-vivo and play a role in antigenic cross protection among its serotypes. In conclusion, Fowl cholera chicken embryo derived inactivated bacterin is effective against infections of homologous and heterologous Pasteurella multocida serotypes.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamins A, E, and C and volatile oils (Superimmune®) on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows. For this purpose, 30 lactating Holstein cows were used at an early stage of lactation. The cows were randomly allocated to five groups (six each). The first group was supplemented daily with 20 ml of Superimmune® (200,000 IU vit. A, 100mg vit E and 20mg vit. C, Eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, and peppermint oil). The second group was supplemented with 200,000 IU vit. A: third group with 100 mg vit. E), and the fourth group (20 mg vit. C. The fifth group was maintained without treatment (control). Milk production, somatic cell counts, and antioxidant parameters were measured before treatment and at one- and two-months post-treatment. Cows that received Superimmune® showed a significant decrease in somatic cell count compared with the other groups at one-month post-treatment (p<0.05) and onward. There was also a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p<0.01), glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01) in cows that received a combination compared to the other groups). However, there was a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.01). Milk production showed a non-significant increase in cows receiving a combination of vitamins compared to the other groups. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamins and volatile oils may have a better effect on somatic cell counts and milk antioxidant parameters in dairy cows than supplementation with a single vitamin.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a major problem in broiler chickens due to increasing mortality and lowering body weight. This group of gammacorona viruses has the ability to emerge frequent new variants. In the present study, 18 broiler chicken farms from 7 Egyptian governorates that showed respiratory signs were sampled from 2019 to 2022. There were 11 farms positive for detection of IBV with real time RT-PCR. The samples were inoculated in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryos for three successive blind passages and the obtained viruses were sequenced for hypervariable region of spike protein (S1) to study their genetic diversity. The results showed that the S1 gene was clustered into two major groups, the first group has only one virus belong to classical vaccine strain of GI-1 lineage and the second group contain nine viruses belong to genotype GI-23 (variant II). They are further separated in two subgroups, first subgroup GI-23.2.1, contains 8 viruses, second subgroup contain one virus belong to genotype GI-23.2.2. The selection pressure analysis revealed episodic diversifying selection on multiple sites, with positive selection observed at five amino acid residues of the S1 protein, as demonstrated by FEL models. The recombination analysis of the S1 gene reveled two viruses with recombination events. The F1282-7-IB-2022 exhibited a slight recombination from IS/1494/2006 and a larger recombination from M41-2004. Meanwhile, the F1282-8-IB-2022 had a minor recombination of strain 4/91-1998 and a larger recombination from the Egyptian strain IBV-D1344/2/4/10-EG. The 3D structural models of hypervariable region HVR of S1 protein also showed that the recent viruses in this study from subgroup GI-23.2.1 (F1282-6-IB-2022) have high structural similarity with vaccine strain D274 and local vaccine seed virus IBV-EG/1212B-2012 than classic or variant GI-23.2.2 subgroup. These results can support efforts to compare the efficacy of local and imported vaccines both in-vivo and in-vitro and to help in controlling the disease.

In this study, the side effects of some anti-covid-19 drugs (Favipiravir and Dexamethasone) were evaluated through the pathological, and clinicopathological changes in the tissues of rats. 30 rats were divided into 6 groups (Gp1- control), (Gp2 received 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone), (Gp3 received 200 mg/kg favipiravir), (Gp4 received 400 mg/kg favipiravir), (Gp5 received 200 mg/kg favipiravir + 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone) and (Gp6 received 400 mg/kg favipiravir + 0.54 mg/kg dexamethasone). The histopathological and clinical results showed that both favipiravir and dexamethasone-induced lesions in the liver, kidney, and lung as well as increased liver functions (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein) and kidney functions (Urea and creatinine). Also increased oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidants in liver, and kidney tissues. The gene expression in splenic tissues showed an increase in NF-kb, IL6, and TNF when animals were exposed to 400 mg/kg favipiravir. While these genes (NF-kb, IL6, and TNF) decreased when animals received a combination of favipiravir with dexamethasone. In gp3, hydropic degeneration was noted in both the kidney and liver. In Gp4, necrotic changes in the liver, and vacuolation of the renal glomerular tufts were observed. In Gp5, the necrotic hepatic tissues were infiltrated with mononuclear cells, and necrosis and inflammation in renal tubules in the kidney were shown. In gp6, leukocytic infiltration was noted in both the kidney and liver. In conclusion, the anti-Covid-19 drugs could induce pathological changes in the internal organs of the rat.

One of the most costly diseases is avian colibacillosis. Virulence genes determine E. coli pathogenicity. This study was undertaken to explore the existence of some virulence-associated genes and resistant configurations of Escherichia coli recovered from broiler chicks. Thirteen E. coli isolates were exposed to an investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility profile against 17 antimicrobial agents that exhibited the highest resistance found against amoxicillin, florfenicol, penicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, tetracycline, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol in the percentage of 100%, 100%,100%, 92.3%, 76.9%, 69.2%, 61.5%, and 61.5%, respectively while the isolates exhibited highest sensitivity found to fosfomycin, imipenem, azetronam and ciprofloxacine in the percentage of 100%,92.3%,76.9% and 69.2%, respectively. Moreover, the thirteen E. coli isolates were exposed to the revealing of some virulence genes (iss, omp-T, hlyF, iroN, iuta, iucD, papC, cva, astA, tsh, and irp2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that the percentages rates were 84.6, 76.9, 76.9, 76.9, 61.5, 53.8, 38.4, 30.7, 23, 15.3 and 15.3%, respectively. A significant correlation between most antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and virulence genes in E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial use in chickens should be reasonable to prevent antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, according to our findings.

The present study had been established to deliver an anatomical atlas for all veterinary anatomists where various structures of the rat brain through all views are shown clearly. On the other hand, the effect of both aging and sex were put into consideration through the current study. Thirty-four apparently healthy rats of both sexes (19 males and 15 females) were used in the study. The animals were classified into four groups according to their age. Cross sections of the brain were performed to document the cerebral dimensions including the cerebral length, width, and height in addition to the transverse diameter of the thalami and the thickness of the corpus callosum. Ageing would result in a negative impact on some brain structures. However, some others had not been affected as much. Furthermore, sex of the animal presented an important role as a variant where male rats of each age group demonstrated different results than their analogous female rats. Findings of this work might be used as a tool for studying the gross morphometric changes that occurred in the rat brains due to normal aging process in either sex.

Meat industry preservation methods to extend the shelf life and maintain the microbial safety of meat products. There is big shortage in research that conducting examination of the antimicrobial activity of Abutilon pannosum choline chloride based extracts (APCCBE). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of APCCBE in inhibiting the growth of common meat pathogens, investigated the potential impact of APCCBE treatment on the meat products shelf life. The polar fraction of Abutilon pannosum leaves fine powder was obtained via a solid-liquid extraction, GC-MS analysis, Antibacterial activity of fresh APCCBE was performed against four strains of microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis using Muller Hinton and six antibiotics discs (50 mg/mL) as follows; “Cefoxitin (FOX), Cephalothin (KF), Cotrimoxazole (TS), Gentamicin (GM), Augmentin (AUG) and Ampicillin (AP). Determination of the storage period of meatballs using packages containing APCCBE were each 100g of meatballs were wrapped by each package film concentration, stored in dark and cool conditions and compared with meatballs wrapped by uncoated PE film package. the study has declared that the APCCBE possess efficient antimicrobial effects against the test bacterial strains. These findings provide valuable knowledge in pathogenic bacteria treatment and food preservation, in addition to its ability in extension the shelf life of the chilled meatballs to about 2 weeks instead of 5 days only in case of control meatballs before and after cooking. Further research is needed to achieve the best application and usage of the extractions of APCCBE.