OBJECTIVE To determine whether an enrofloxacin–silver sulfadiazine emulsion (ESS) labeled for treatment of otitis externa in dogs has ototoxic effects in rabbits following myringotomy. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were anesthetized for brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) tests on day 0. Myringotomy was performed, and BAER testing was repeated. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and ESS were then instilled in the left and right middle ears, respectively, and BAER testing was repeated prior to recovery of rabbits from anesthesia. Application of assigned treatments was continued every 12 hours for 7 days, and rabbits were anesthetized for BAER testing on day 8. Rabbits were euthanized, and samples were collected for histologic (6 ears/treatment) and scanning electron microscopic (1 ear/treatment) examination. RESULTS Most hearing thresholds (11/12 ears) were subjectively increased after myringotomy, with BAER measurements ranging from 30 to 85 dB in both ears. All day 8 hearing thresholds exceeded baseline (premyringotomy) values; results ranged from 30 to 85 dB and 80 to > 95 dB (the upper test limit) in saline solution–treated and ESS-treated ears, respectively. All ESS-treated ears had heterophilic otitis externa, epithelial hyperplasia of the external ear canal, various degrees of mucoperiosteal edema, and periosteal new bone formation on histologic examination. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that most outer hair cells in the ESS-treated ear lacked stereocilia or were absent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results supported that ESS has ototoxic effects in the middle ear of rabbits. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. Myringotomized laboratory rabbits may be useful to study ototoxicity of drugs used in human medicine.

The success breeding business of PE goat is closely related to reproductive performance and mortality rates between maternal and calve so that a case study is needed on the reproductive performance of PE Doe. The study was conducted in Taruna Sejahtera Group in Simalungun District, North Sumatera. Twenty nine of PE Does was used. Method was case study. Data was taken from recording list and interview then anlyzed descriptively. The results showed that reproduction characteristics of PE Doe: puberty age 10 month, first mating age 14 month, litter sizes 2 heads, weaning age 2 month, days open 90 days (3 month), post partum mating 4-7 month, calving interval 10 month, milk production averaged 1,2 liter/head/day and parity 4-5 times/head.

Infection that occurs in Indonesia has increased more significantly than before, compared to the increasing bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) as the cause of infection. A study conducted in 5 hospitals in Indonesia in 2013 showed that the prevalence rate of extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria reached 32-68%. The objective of this study is to detect the prevalence and resistence pattern of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh. This study was conducted from 1 September 2016 to 31 December 2016. Specimen types included in this study were blood, sputum, urine, pus, mucosal swab, and another body fluids sample. The sampling method in this study was total sampling that is all clinical specimen examined in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Isolation and identification ESBL-producing bacteria was performed by VITEK-2 machine (Biomerieux). The result of this study is that a total 122 E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated. That consisted of 48 (39%) E. coli isolates and 74 (61%) K. pneumoniae isolates. From 48 E. coli isolates it was found out that 41 (85%) had ESBL phenotypes and from 74 K. pneumoniae isolates it was found out that 59 (80%) had ESBL phenotypes. In total, 100 (82%) isolates from 122 isolates had ESBL phenotypes. Distribution of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae based on sample was 24 (89%) isolates from the total of 27 urine isolates, 18 (95%) isolates from the total of 19 blood isolates, 28 (78%) isolates from the total of 36 sputum isolates, and 30 (75%) isolates from the total of 40 pus isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates had high sensitivity to amycasin dan meropenem which was above 89%. Meanwhile, it also had sensitivity to Fosfomycin and Piperacyclin-Tazobactam by 80% and 77% respectively. Another antibiotic was less effective

In Zimbabwe, there have been no chlamydiosis and limited brucellosis studies in goats. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of the two diseases in goats at three different livestock-wildlife interface areas: porous, non-porous and non-interface in the south-eastern lowveld of Zimbabwe. Collected sera (n = 563) were tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and the complement fixation test (CFT); and for Chlamydia abortus antibodies using the CFT. All tested goats were negative for Brucella antibodies. Overall, chlamydial seroprevalence was 22%. The porous &#91;c² = 9.6, odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, p = 0.002&#93; and non-porous (c² = 37.5, OR = 5.8, p < 0.00001) interfaces were approximately three and six times more likely to be chlamydial seropositive than the non-interface area, respectively. Chlamydial seroprevalence was not associated with sex (c² = 0.5, OR = 1.2, p = 0.5), abortion history in female goats (c² = 0.7, OR = 1.3, p = 0.4), keeping goats with cattle (c² = 0.2, OR = 1.5, p = 0.7) or flock size (c² = 0.03, OR = 1.4, p = 0.9). Our study provides the first serological evidence of chlamydiosis in goats in Zimbabwe and the results suggest that proximity to wildlife is associated with increased chlamydial seropositivity. Further studies are required to determine the role of chlamydial infection on goat reproductive failure and that of wildlife on C. abortus transmission to domestic ruminants.

This study was planned to evaluate the extracts of Aloe vera (AV) at three different pH as a growth promoter, immunostimulant and coccidiostat agent in broiler production. This experiment was undertaken for a period of 35 days in the Institute of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 150 dayold broiler birds (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 10 chicks each. Birds were offered commercial broiler starter and finisher diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg enramycin (ANT), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 3 (AV1), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 7 (AV2), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 12 (AV3) and only fresh clean water (CON).

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is common in the world. Because of the difficulties in the treatment and control of the disease, the disease has gained popularity among researchers. Today, however, no vaccine has been developed for human protection. Considering the fact that the vector can survive in a wide ecosystem and the disease can be detected in many mammals such as humans, dogs, rodents, prevention from leishmaniasis and treatment of the disease require a combined intervention. The toxic effects of the drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, the expensive treatment and the resistance of the parasite to the drug have led to the research of alternative treatment methods. This review is intended to provide an overview of leishmaniasis alternative treatment practices and to guide new researchs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for the assessment of prostatic tumors in dogs and to compare results for TRUS with results for other imaging modalities. ANIMALS 10 client-owned male dogs. PROCEDURES Client-owned dogs identified with prostatic carcinoma were enrolled. Fluoroscopy, transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS), TRUS, and MRI were performed on all dogs. Tumor measurements, urethral penetration (identification of abnormal tissue within the urethral lumen), and tumor extension into the urinary tract were recorded for all imaging modalities. Agreement between results for MRI (considered the criterion-referenced standard) and results for other modalities were compared. RESULTS Median body weight of the 10 dogs was 26.3 kg (range, 9.4 to 49.5 kg). No complications were encountered during or after TRUS. Significant moderate to good agreements (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.60 to 0.86) among TAUS, TRUS, fluoroscopy, and MRI were identified for tumor length and height. Assessments of urethral penetration and tumor extension into the bladder with TRUS did not differ significantly from those made with MRI and were superior in terms of absolute agreement with MRI when compared with those for TAUS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TRUS was successfully and safely used to evaluate prostatic carcinoma in dogs. There was moderate to good agreement with MRI results for tumor height and length measurements, and TRUS was found to be superior to TAUS for some assessments. Transrectal ultrasonography can be considered an adjunctive imaging modality for the performance of prostatic interventional procedures or assessment of response to treatment.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of a proprietary antagonist of E-type prostanoid receptor (EP) 4, grapiprant, and carprofen to attenuate lameness attributable to urate-induced synovitis in dogs. ANIMALS 5 purpose-bred hound-cross dogs. PROCEDURES A blinded, 3-way crossover study was performed. Dogs received each of 3 treatments (L-766, a proprietary antagonist of EP4; 4.0 mg/kg), grapiprant (an antagonist of EP4; 2.0 mg/kg), and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg); dogs received 4 doses of each treatment (14 and 2 hours before and 22 and 46 hours after urate injection). Synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium urate. Measurements (vertical ground reaction forces and clinical lameness scores) were obtained immediately before (0 hours; baseline) and 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after sodium urate injection. All data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Lameness scores at 6 hours were significantly higher than baseline lameness scores for all treatments. Lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment remained significantly higher at 12 and 24 hours, compared with baseline lameness scores. Lameness scores for the carprofen treatment were significantly lower than lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Analysis of peak vertical force and vertical impulse data revealed a pattern similar to that for lameness scores. Treatment with L-766 resulted in a significantly higher vertical impulse at 48 hours than did treatment with carprofen or grapiprant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In these dogs, carprofen was the most effective treatment for attenuating lameness induced by injection of sodium urate, and grapiprant was the least effective treatment.

Open-palm hand shields are used by veterinary workers during manual restraint for small animal radiography. The objective of this study was to measure the reduction in scatter and primary beam radiation dose to the hand provided by a full glove and an open-palm shield, using a cadaver dog to simulate restraint by 2 workers of an awake, cooperative patient undergoing thoracic and abdominal radiography. Dose was measured for 30 exposures for each condition, for a total of 795 exposures. The mean percentage decrease in scatter radiation dose was 99.9% for a full glove and 40% for an open-palm shield. The mean percentage decrease in primary beam radiation dose was 98.4% for a full glove. To optimize worker protection, fully enclosing gloves should be used during manual restraint for radiography, and body parts should never be placed in the primary beam, even when shielded.

The aim of this study was to characterize peripartum metabolic profiles, including the insulin sensitivity index, in cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis (SCK) in the early stage of lactation. Cows that calved from January 2011 through December 2014 on a dairy farm with alarm level prevalence of SCK in Hokkaido, Japan (n = 175) were used. Blood and body condition scores (BCS) were obtained at regular health examinations in 2 consecutive periods, the first between 14 and 2 d before parturition, and the second between 3 and 14 d after parturition. Animals were divided into 3 groups at postpartum sampling: an SCK group with 35 multiparous and 15 primiparous cows having β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations ≥ 1.2 mM without clinical signs, a disease group of 36 multiparous and 9 primiparous cows that received treatment between parturition and postpartum sampling, and a control group consisting of 49 multiparous and 31 primiparous cows with BHBA concentrations < 1.2 mM. The prepartum revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index was significantly lower in the multiparous SCK and disease groups than in the control group, demonstrating decreased insulin sensitivity in these cows, but not in primiparous cows. The prepartum BCS was significantly higher only in the multiparous SCK and disease groups. The prepartum apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100) concentration was significantly decreased in the multiparous disease group, suggesting hepatic lipidosis. Conversely, primiparous cows had a higher prepartum ApoB-100 concentration. Prepartum decreased insulin sensitivity in the multiparous SCK and disease groups was considered to facilitate progression to SCK after calving.