Sie balu is an Acehnese dried meat preserved by the addition of salt, acid and dried. However, long processing and drying it under the sun can cause meat products contaminated by Salmonella. Irradiation can eliminate Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria in food. This study aims to determine the presence of Salmonella in sie balu after irradiated with increasing doses and 2 to 4 months shelf life. Sie balu was made of 5 kg fresh beef, dried under the sun to dry, vacuum and irradiated at doses of 5, 7 and 9 kGy. Salmonella was detected using bacteriological and biochemical tests. Results showed sie balu contaminated by Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella cholerasuis. The irradiation and shelf life significantly affect (P0.05) the count of Salmonella in sie balu compared with unirradiated one. Irradiation doses of 5, 7 and 9 kGy do not affect the count of Salmonella in sie balu. Extending the shelf life up to 4 months can increas the count of Salmonella. This study concluded that irradiated sie balu at doses of 5, 7 and 9 kGy can be stored for up to two months

This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode in cattle in the Pintu Rime Gayo, a highland sub district of Bener Meriah Regency, Aceh according to age and sex. Stool samples were collected from 150 cattle aged 0-6, 7-12 and 12 months old. Examination was performed by using a centrifuge. Samples tested positive when found gastrointestinal nematode parasite eggs. The data obtained were analyzed with Chi-Square. The results showed that the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode in cattle aged 0-7 months (32%) was significantly higher (p0.05) than that in cattle aged 7-12 months (22%) and 12 months (12%). The parasite was markedly more prevalent (p0.05) in female cattle (23.9%) than that in male cattle (15.2%). In conclusion, susceptibility of cattle in the Pintu Rime Gayo highland to gastrointestinal nematode infection was influenced by both age and sex.

Abstract

This research was conducted in the District Mangko Tano East Luwu in South Sulawesi Province, in 2017. The area of research is supported by oil palm plantations, palm plantations, agricultural land, forestry land, vacant land that has not been explored by farmers and other vacant land. The study was conducted by the method of field survey, according to information from the local Animal Husbandry Department, the criteria in the data is the cattle population in farmer.The purpose of this study was to determine the economic analysis on a group of cattle ranchers. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed using descriptive tabulation, quantitatively and economically. The results of the research effort shows that beef cattle, ranchers group profit amounted Rp.3.637.500/year, Agung Sindo Village B/C ratio of 1.2, Kalaenaliri village of Rp.3.886.000/ year ratio B/C 1.2, and the Wanasari Village of Rp.3.788.000/year and ratio of B/C 1.2. Forage in locations very research support to the development of beef cattle Bali. But farmers are accustomed way of raising beef cattle between 2-4 head/breeder, so it needs additional maintenance business scale between 5-10 cattle/livestock farmers, so that the business more effectively and efficiently and economically will benefit farmers.

Varroa destructor is the most damaging ectoparasite to the beekeeping economy. The mite has different haplotypes. It is aimed to determine which haplotype is present by examining the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene region of V. destructor found in honey bees in Siirt region. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP) methods were applied in the analysis of the COI gene region of V. destructor in Siirt region. To do this,V. destructor samples were collected from 387 enterprises in the Siirt region. DNA extraction followed the PZR.Subsequently, 1.5% agarose gel images were obtained by electrophoresis. The PCR products were then subjectedto XhoI and SacI restriction enzymes and 2% agarose gel images were obtained. 38 of the samples (10%) weresent to a private enterprise for sequencing. The obtained sequences were blasted and compared with thecorresponding reference sequences in GenBank.According to the results of PZR and RFLP obtained from the 387 V. destructor samples in the studytowards the COI gen region, all of the samples were found to be Korean haplotypes and Japanese haplotypeswere not found in any of 387 samples. At the same time, it was also confirmed that the 38 sequenced sampleswere Korean haplotypes.The results obtained from this study are significant in terms of forming a groundwork for futurestudies.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of decreased platelet and WBC counts on platelet aggregation as measured by a multiple-electrode impedance aggregometer in dogs. ANIMALS 24 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES From each dog, 9 mL of blood was collected into a 10-mL syringe that contained 1 mL of 4% sodium citrate solution to yield a 10-mL sample with a 1:9 citrate-to-blood ratio. Each sample was then divided into unmanipulated and manipulated aliquots with progressively depleted buffy-coat fractions such that 2 to 3 blood samples were evaluated per dog. The Hct for manipulated aliquots was adjusted with autologous plasma so that it was within 2% of the Hct for the unmanipulated aliquot for each dog. All samples were analyzed in duplicate with a multiple-electrode impedance aggregometer following the addition of ADP as a platelet agonist. The respective effects of platelet count, plateletcrit, Hct, and WBC count on platelet aggregation area under the curve (AUC), aggregation, and velocity were analyzed with linear mixed models. RESULTS WBC count was positively associated with platelet AUC, aggregation, and velocity; blood samples with leukopenia had a lower AUC, aggregation, and velocity than samples with WBC counts within the reference range. Platelet count, plateletcrit, and Hct did not have an independent effect on AUC, aggregation, or velocity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that WBC count was positively associated with platelet aggregation when ADP was used to activate canine blood samples for impedance aggregometry. That finding may be clinically relevant and needs to be confirmed by in vivo studies.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of concurrent vaccination of boars with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on seminal shedding of both genotypes. The boars tolerated well concurrent administration of 2 commercial PRRSV vaccines, and no adverse reactions were observed. No interference in the humoral immune response (measured as the level of anti-PRRSV antibodies) or the cell-mediated immune response (measured as the level of PRRSV-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells) was observed after concurrent administration compared with single administration of the same vaccines. Concurrent vaccination significantly reduced the load of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV in blood and semen after singular (type 1 or type 2) and dual (type 1 and type 2) PRRSV challenge, and it did not significantly affect the efficacy of each vaccine. The results demonstrate that concurrent vaccination of boars with type 1 and type 2 PRRSV reduces shedding of both genotypes in semen.

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics after IM and oral administration of a single dose of meloxicam to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber). ANIMALS 14 adult flamingos. PROCEDURES Flamingos were allocated to 2 groups. Each group received a dose of meloxicam (1 mg/kg) by the IM or oral route. After a 4-week washout period, groups received meloxicam via the other route of administration. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Data for each bird were analyzed. Estimated values of selected pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by use of a linear mixed-effects ANOVA. Pooled concentration-time profiles for each route of administration were analyzed to examine the influence of body weight on pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration was 1.00 ± 0.88 μg/mL after oral administration. This was approximately 15% of the mean maximum plasma concentration of 5.50 ± 2.86 μg/mL after IM administration. Mean time to maximum plasma concentration was 1.33 ± 1.32 hours after oral administration and 0.28 ± 0.17 hours after IM administration. Mean half-life of the terminal phase after oral administration (3.83 ± 2.64 hours) was approximately twice that after IM administration (1.83 ± 1.22 hours). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the extent and rate of meloxicam absorption were less after oral administration than after IM administration. Intramuscular administration resulted in a short period during which mean plasma concentrations met or exceeded reported efficacious analgesic concentrations in other species, whereas oral administration did not. These results suggested that higher doses may be required for oral administration.

International comparisons of animal antimicrobial use (AMU) have typically been based on total national estimates of antimicrobials sales standardized by the national animal biomass calculated as the population correction unit (PCU). The objective of this paper was to compare the currently accepted PCU calculation with that of the adjusted population correction unit (APCU), which re-evaluates the standard animal weights used in the calculation and accounts for animal lifespan. The APCU calculation resulted in substantial changes to the 2009 national biomass estimates for cattle, pigs, and poultry in 8 European countries and Canada. The estimated national biomass for cattle increased 35% to 43%, while the estimated national biomass of pigs and poultry typically decreased by approximately 51% and 87%, respectively. Among the 9 countries, the total national APCU ranged from an increase of 1% to a decrease of 40% relative to PCU, and these differences were statistically significant. Adjusted population correction unit is preferred over PCU in comparing and contrasting AMU among animals with different lifespans because it is more transparently derived and is a reasonable approximation of the animal biomass at risk of antimicrobial treatment.

The aim of this study was to compare nasopharyngeal and esophageal temperature measurements in anesthetized sheep with a range of fresh gas flows (1 to 6 L/min) through the breathing system. Data were compared using a Bland-Altman plot and correlation coefficients, and error measures were calculated. One hundred and ninety-five sets of data were collected from 20 sheep weighing 41 kg (31 to 51.5 kg). The bias (95% limit of agreement), correlation coefficient, and absolute error for nasopharyngeal compared to esophageal temperature were 0.04°C (-0.77°C to 0.85°C), 0.92, and 0.29°C ± 0.29°C, respectively. The percentage of nasopharyngeal readings within 0.5°C of the esophageal temperature was 77.44%. The error did not significantly increase with increasing fresh gas flow. Nasopharyngeal temperature measurement is suitable for estimation of esophageal temperature during general anesthesia of sheep when the fresh gas flow through the breathing system is between 1 and 6 L/min.