OBJECTIVE To evaluate hemodynamic, respiratory, and sedative effects of buccally administered detomidine gel and reversal with atipamezole in dogs. ANIMALS 8 adult purpose-bred dogs. PROCEDURES Arterial and venous catheters were placed. Baseline heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output (determined via lithium dilution with pulse contour analysis), oxygen delivery, systemic vascular resistance, arterial blood gas values, and sedation score were obtained. Detomidine gel (2.0 mg/m2) was administered on the buccal mucosa. Cardiopulmonary data and sedation scores were obtained at predetermined times over 180 minutes. Atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg) was administered IM at 150 minutes. Reversal of sedation was timed and scored. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with baseline values, heart rate was lower at 45 to 150 minutes, cardiac output and oxygen delivery were lower at 30 to 150 minutes, and systemic vascular resistance was increased at 30 to 150 minutes. There were no significant changes in Paco2, Pao2, or lactate concentration at any time point, compared with baseline values, except for lactate concentration at 180 minutes. All dogs became sedated; maximum sedation was detected 75 minutes after administration of detomidine. Mean ± SD time to recovery after atipamezole administration was 7.55 ± 1.89 minutes; sedation was completely reversed in all dogs. No adverse events were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Buccally administered detomidine gel was associated with reliable and reversible sedation in dogs, with hemodynamic effects similar to those induced by other α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Buccally administered detomidine gel could be an alternative to injectable sedatives in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate colonization of Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus parasuis on pig farms in Japan and to identify sources of infections. SAMPLE Saliva, feces, and vaginal swab samples from 84 healthy pigs of several growth stages on 4 farms and swab samples of feed troughs and water dispensers at those farms. PROCEDURES Samples were collected from August 2015 to June 2016. Two quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays (one for S suis and the other for S parasuis) were designed for use in the study. The novel qPCR assays were used in combination with previously described qPCR assays for S suis serotype 2 or 1/2 and total bacteria. Relative abundance of bacteria in each sample was evaluated. RESULTS Streptococcus suis was detected in all saliva samples and some of the other samples, whereas S parasuis was not detected in any of the samples, including saliva samples, which indicated a difference in colonization preference. The ratio of S suis to total bacteria in saliva appeared to increase with age of pigs. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 or 1/2 was detected in a few saliva samples and feed trough swab samples at 2 farms where S suis infections were prevalent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Saliva, especially that of sows, appeared to be a reservoir and source of S suis infection for pigs. The qPCR assay described here may provide an effective way to monitor for S suis in live pigs, which could lead to effective disease control on pig farms.

One of the biggest contributors of air pollution is the production of coal fly ash from power plant industry. Fly ash has an immediate impact on human and animal health around the power plant. Many buffaloes in Nagan Raya usually grazing near the 110-megawatt steam power plant that using low rank coal. This action raises concerns about buffalos health due to exposure to fly ash. This study aimed to examine the relationship of knowledge, attitude and action of buffalo breeders to the impact of fly ash exposure on the buffaloes. This research used analytical survey with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in February 2018 with 30 respondents from four villages around Nagan Raya Power Plant to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and actions by using questionnaires. The data were analyzed statistically with Chi Square Test with SPSS for Windows version 17.0. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between the knowledge of buffalo breeders and the impact of fly ash exposure (P 0.05), while the attitude and actions of buffalo breeders had a significant correlation with the impact of fly ash exposure (P 0.05). These results concluded that the buffalo breeders in the villages around the power plant did not realize the impact of fly ash arising from coal of power plant. It is expected that the associated institution would conduct a counseling about the impact of fly ash exposure as well as good management of buffaloes.

This review serves to shed light on some common infectious diseases: their names, prevalence, site of infection and diagnostic tools for identificationof six (6) neo-tropical animals that are found in Trinidad and Tobago with the potential for domestication. These are theagouti(Dasyprocta leporina/ D. agouti), lappe/paca (Cuniculus paca/ Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/ Peccari tajucu) and red brocket deer (Mazama americana).There is over Ninety (90) references were used, with the earliest being 1951 and the most recent being in 2017.Where literature was lacking, information from other species within the same genus was incorporated and identified clearly. It was interesting to note that the majority of animals, despite being infected with pathogenic organisms were clinically healthy. In animals that showed clinical signs of disease there was a large quantity of pathogens present. This manuscript sheds some light on the pathogens that may use these animals as natural reservoirs. This review paper also includes many of the earliest identification of these pathogens in Neo-tropical animals in specific geographic regions.

Eurytrematosis is a common zoonotic disease has emerged as a major species causing veterinary diseaseand public health problem. This review examines recent advances in Eurytrema species, the life cycle, intermediatehosts required for completing the life cycle, and geographical distribution of Eurytrema species in the world, as wellas several factors considered suitable to occur.

The activity of the cellulase enzyme and the content of phytoestrogen (genistein) forming is determined during the fermentation of soybean waste with Aspergullus niger. The analysis is performed at fermentation incubation time of 0, 48, 96, 144 and 192 hours and treatment with addition of micro nutrient (V2) and without micro nutrient (V1). Data analysis on cellulase enzyme activity on phytoestrogen forming material is performed using T test. The average of cellulase content of fermented soybean waste increases from 0.032-0.139 IU / ml (V1) and 0.061-0.158 IU / ml (V2) after 48 hours into 0.238 IU / ml (V1) and 0.245 IU / ml (V2) after 192 hours The average of genestein levels in the fermented soybean waste increases as well from 0.101 - 0.573 mg / g (V1) and 0.114 - 0.587 mg / g (V2) after 48 hours and increase into 0.722 mg / g (V1) and 0.699 mg / g (V2) after 192 hours. Statistical analysis indicates that the treatment of V1 and V2 has an effect on the increase of cellulase enzyme content and genistein level (P 0.05). The correlation between enzyme activity of cellulase and genistein on soybean waste fermented with Aspergillus niger is significant (R2 = 0,949). The relationship between the enzyme performance and its formation material is running synergistic, cellulase enzyme activity and genistein level experience significant increase during the fermentation process.

The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship of characteristic and knowledge of farmers to the successful of artificial insemination (AI) in Aceh Besar Districts. The number of respondents is 93 people from twenty three districts in Aceh Besar, selected purposively as the sample of this research. The instruments used in this research are questionnaire and direct observation in the field, while the observed variables are: farmer characteristics, farmer knowledge and artificial insemination result. The results of this research revealed that the characteristics and knowledge of the farmers were good and showed a real relationship to the successfulness of AI in Aceh Besar Districts. The average service per conception (S / C) in Aceh Besar Districts during 2017 was 1.32 while the conception rate (CR) was 86.36%. The results were in accordance with the standard of general guidance of Upsus Siwab Year 2017.

This study aims to Determine the success rate of the Artificial Insemination in North Kayong Regency of West Kalimantan Province roomates has been done by IB officers. Artificial insemination is the process of introduction or delivery of cement into the genitals of female cows by means of made devices. North Kayong districts Regency is one of the which is administratively established Republic of Indonesia based on Law no. 6 of 2007 is an area that is developing cattle. The location that Became the focus of the evaluation of the success of Artificial Insemination is in three districts of Maya Island district, Sukadana and Seponti. Data used in this research is secondary Data Obtained from inseminator. The parameters used in this evaluation are the Non Return Rate (NRR), Service per Conception (S / C) and Calving Rate (CvR). The results Showed that the average of the three sub-districts in North Kayong district was for the highest 90% NRR in Sukadana district and the Lowest score of 67% in the Mayan Island district. S / C Obtained the highest number of 3.4 in Maya Island district and the Lowest S / C number district of Seponti 1.8. The highest score was 92% CvR in Sukadana district and the cancel CvR score was 64% in the Mayan Island district. The Conclusions Obtained based on the value of NRR, S / C, and CvR on artificial insemination evaluation with the best artificial insemination implementation are Sukadana district, followed by district of Seponti and last is Maya Island district.

Vaginal discharges are commonly seen in the pediatric population, approximately more than 50% of all pediatric genital complaints. Normal vaginal secretion is usually thin, and clear to white with a variable amount, while malodorous, abnormal consistency of vaginal discharge accompanied by blood, pain, pruritus, or dysuria is usually pathologic. Many factors can cause vaginal discharge such as anatomy of genital area that more susceptible to inflammation and infection, numerous organisms that including those associated with the sexually transmitted diseases or child sexual abuse, also mechanical and chemical substances, as well as poor hygiene. Recurrent vaginal discharge can be very distressing to children, especially if associated with discomfort and the most common cause is vulvovaginitis. The management of vaginal discharge is based on underlying causes, either by initiating proper therapeutic or teaching the children about good hygiene.

Although urban spaces are increasingly recognised as viable habitats for wildlife, cities remain a major source of anthropogenic mortality for wild birds. While the sources of urban avian mortalities have been well documented in North America, these phenomena remain poorly studied in Southeast Asia, especially for resident species. Here we present the first summary of non-migratory urban bird mortalities for the heavily urbanised island of Singapore. We conducted a citizen science study using print and social media outreach to encourage members of the public to report their observations of dead birds between November 2013 and October 2017, and collected a total of 362 mortality records across 65 resident bird species and five mortality sources. Our results show that a diverse array of bird species is directly impacted by anthropogenic sources of mortality, although mortalities stemming from roadkill and cat predation are likely to be undersampled. We also find that forest-edge frugivores such as the Pink-necked Green Pigeon are likely to be especially vulnerable to building collisions. Our study shows that despite its limitations, opportunistic sampling using citizen science can generate large amounts of ecological data at relatively low cost, and serve as a cost-effective complement to standardised survey methodologies.