Every day; many chemical agents, materials or medicines whether in the pharmaceutical industry or daily life are offered for consuming for human beings. At this point, it has great importance that if the substances threaten heath or not. Because the toxicity of materials can lead to many target organ damage. The eye, together with many anatomical layers that make it up is among the target organs exposed to toxicity. In this review, we handled the classification, effects and treatment methods of toxic materials on the corneal layer of the eye.

The purpose of this study is determining the in vitro true digestibility values and nutritional content for tea (Camelia Sinensis)  factory waste (TFW) produced by organic and conventional methods. Fresh tea plants and the TFW are collected from tea factories in the Blacksea Region of Turkey on the seasons of tea production which are the beginning and end of May (1st season), July (2nd season) and August (3rd season).  In this study the nutrient composition of TFW, digestible organic material and metabolic energy values were determined in 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours by in vitro gas production technique. The nutrient values of TFW varied with seasons and periods. Values found are: dry matter (DM) 92-95%, ash values 3.56-4.59%, neutral detergant fiber (NDF) 51.10- 57.23%, acid detergant fiber (ADF) 40.93 – 49.27%,  digestible organic material (DOM) 25.47 – 44.79% and metabolic energy (ME) 4.65 – 8.79 MJ/kgDM. DOM and ME values were found highest at the 3rd season followed by the 2nd season and 1st season (P<0.05). There is no statistical significant difference between   TFW produced by organic and conventional methods for DOM and ME (P>0.05). It was concluded that, after the determination of the percentage of tannin and polyphenol contents in TFW; the 3rd season TFW can be added to ruminant rations which have high feed efficiency.

This study was carried out to compare the number of honeycombs with full of bees (wax building activity) (frame count), survivability, swarm condition and honey yield for the thermo plastic (plastic) and wooden Langstroth honey bee hives. A total of 23 hives (10 plastic and 13 wooden hives) were used. The mean frame count for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively, were 13.25±0.28 and 14.77±0.48 (Z= -1.24, p=0.22). Survivability rates for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively, were 90.00% and 53.85% for at the end of first year (Fisher’s exact test p=0.089) and 30.00% and 15.38% (Fisher’s exact test, p=0.618) for at the end of the study. The plastic hives decreased the death incidence at the end of the study [relative risk ratio (RR)=0.82]. Swarm rates were 40.00% and 15.38% (Fisher’s exact test p=0.341) for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively at the end of first year. Swarm condition increased about 3 times more in the plastic hives as compared to the wooden hives (RR=2.60). Mean honey yield per honeycomb was higher in the plastic hives (2264.65±182.39 g) than in the wooden hives (1634.20±191.08 g) (t=2.39, p=0.028). As a result, it was thought that thermo plastic hives can be efficiently and successfully used by bee keepers since they may increase survivability and honey yield and are easy to use.

The treatment of skin wounds with tissue-loss is one of the most important issues in the field of veterinary medicine. It is aimed to improve the wound faster and without contamination by doing various studies in this subject. In this study, laser phototherapy was preferred considering the same target.      This study was carried out on 20 cats and 20 dogs of different ages, races, and genders, who were brought to Surgery clinic of Animal Hospital at Kirikkale University. These patients were divided into 4 groups, two of which were study and two of which were a control group. In the study group, 10 cats and 10 dogs were subjected to laser phototherapy, and the rest were routinely performed as a control group. The clinical and laboratory results of the animals treated with phototherapy were compared by routine applications. During the study, a patient follow-up form was created to record data such as physiological parameters of the animals, wound sizes, and clinical recovery process of the wound. Besides, the data were transferred to the computer environment for statistical analysis. Animals that are too aggressive and do not allow the application was treated with laser phototherapy or dressing by applying a routine sedation or anesthesia protocol with the permission of the owner. The wound was taken in follow-up data daily. For 21 days, wound sizes were drawn on transparencies film. Then these measurements were made using the area calculation graph paper.      In the obtained clinical data, both infection control and wound closure rates were found to be faster in the study groups than the control groups (P<0,05).      In conclusion, low-intensity laser phototherapy has been suggested to be a treatment option, especially in cases of tissue-loss infected skin injuries, which may be an adjunct to classical applications in both cats and dogs.

Eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analizi ile ihtiyaç duyulan bilgilerin tespit edilmesi hem çiftçilerin ihtiyaç duydukları bilgilerin belirlenmesi hem de dahagerçekçi bir eğitim programının yapılabilmesi için çok önemlidir. Afyonkarahisar’da koyunculuk önemli bir hayvansal üretim kolu olup koyunculukişletmeleri ağırlıkla orta ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerden oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2014 yılından beri Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Refahınailişkin Genel Hükümler Hakkındaki Yönetmelik ile çiftliklerde sağlanması zorunlu olan ulusal hayvan refahı standartları tanımlanmıştır. Koyunculukişletmelerinin de ulusal hayvan refahı standartlarına uyumu bakımından çiftçilerin hayvan refahı konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarınınbelirlenmesi çok önem taşımaktadır. Bu tebliğde çiftçilerin hayvan refahı yönetimi konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarına ilişkin bulgular sunulmuştur.Bu bulgular, Afyonkarahisar İli Emirdağ İlçesi'nde bulunan küçük ve orta ölçekli koyunculuk işletmelerinin sahiplerinin hayvan sağlığıve refahı konularındaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analiz edilmesi amacıyla yürütülen bir araştırma projemizden elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, elde edilensonuçlar çiftlik düzeyinde koyun refahının sağlanabilmesi için minimum gerekliliklerin yerine getirilmesi bakımından fırsatlar ve dezavantajlarınyönetimi yönünden de tartışılmıştır.

In this study microbiological changes of cattle sausages that are sold in the local markets of İzmir were monitored during storage at 4°C. Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria (AMB), Total Yeast and Mold (TYM), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Psychrophilic Bacteria (PB) counts of frankfurters were monitored on day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 of storage. Four different brand of cattle sausage were analyzed for this study. Total Yeast and Mold count didn’t change significantly whereas Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria and Psychrophilic Bacteria count increased approximately 2 log. Lactic acid bacteria count was increased about 1-3 log. Bad smell and slimy surface occurred on day 60 (end of the storage) implicating the spoilage of frankfurters. Results showed that the production process of the frankfurters analyzed for this study was insufficient to ensure low microbial load of the product and the counts might grow higher during storage.

In this study, trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the facilities located in Doganşehir Sürgü, Malatya was used. Samples were received betweenNovember 2017 and January 2018. During the study, a total of 60 fish, 10 female, 10 male, 10 female, 10 male and 10 female, were studiedin the pre-milking period. After the fish were anesthetized with 0.25% phenoxyethanol, blood was taken from the tail end with the help of theinjector. Blood samples were taken from the alveolar vessels and measured with the PROKAN 6800 VET device. Hematological analyzes wereperformed using the Cell DN 1700 coulter counter to determine blood parameters. The weight of male fishes before mating was 359.5 ± 32.7g, increased to 453 ± 74.09 g during the mating period and decreased to 354 ± 99.35 g at the end of mating period. In females, before matingperiod weights were 421 ± 28.46 g, decreased to 375 ± 54.62 g during the mating period and increased to 392 ± 75.69 g after the mating period.The blood parameters obtained for male fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 50.8 ± 14.82 103/μL before mating, 55.79 ± 2.79 103/μL during mating, 54.61 ± 3.052 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.95 ± 0.59 106/μL before mating, 2.25 ± 0.20 106/μL duringmating, 2.24 ± 0.35 106/μL after mating; hemoglobin (HGB): 10.11 ± 3.07 g/dl before mating, 11.02 ± 1.02 g/dl during mating, 9.79 ± 0.84g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.38 ± 8.04 % before mating, 28.73 ± 2.70 % during mating, 29.62 ± 3.77 % after mating; leucocyte(GRAN): 1.664 ± 0.81 103/μ before mating, 1.22 ± 0.29 103/μ during mating, 1.33 ± 0.36 103/μ after mating. The blood parameters obtainedfor female fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 54.57 ± 4.86 103/μL before mating, 47.2 ± 8 103/μL during mating, 42.65 ± 7.11 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.94 ± 0.18 106/μL before mating, 1.75 ± 0.33 106/μL during mating, 1.39 ± 0.33 106/μL after mating;hemoglobin (HGB): 10.17 ± 0.78 g/dl before mating, 8.89 ± 1.59 g/dl during mating, 6.74 ± 1.57 g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.18 ±2.07 % before mating, 22.44 ± 4.54 % during mating, 18.04 ± 4.03 % after mating; leucocyte (GRAN): 1.54 ± 0.47 103/μ before mating, 1.18± 0.26 103/μ during mating, 1.09 ± 0.22 103/μ after mating.

Nayaband coastal protected area with approximately 49815 ha area, south of Iran, was the best opportunity to became the first and only Iraniancoastal-marine national park due to its special geographical location and ecological characteristics. However, with the establishing of naturalgas extraction facilities in its neighboring as the largest and most important energy zone in Iran, since 1997, and the emergence of extensiveenvironmental impacts of the project activities, today this opportunity should be considered forever to be lost. In this paper, the criteria for siteselection of coastal-marine national parks have been determined through a literature review and then the ecological characteristics of the studyarea compared with these criteria. The most important criteria for site selection of coastal-marine national parks are biodiversity (includingboth species and habitat diversity) and ecological integrity. Based on the results Nayband coastal protected area benefits a diversity of habitatsincluding mangrove forest habitats, river estuaries, creeks, coral reefs, small gulfs, tidal zones, sandy and rocky beaches, coastal lagoons andterrestrial savanna likes habitats. This diverse habitats encompass more than 300 species including plants, mammalian, aquatic and terrestrialbirds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, shrimps, lobsters, oysters, gastropods and corals species, and maybe more unknown species from invertebratesand insects. Overall, the study area in terms of biodiversity criteria could earn points for assigning the title of “National Park”. Nevertheless,unfortunately, because of the development and industrial activities in the onshore and offshore, the second criteria, ecological integrity,has been affected drastically. Disturbing upstream-downstream surface runoff, blocking migratory corridors, receiving air and water pollutants,constructing bridges and closing or tightening water entrance of creeks have been led to the deterioration of ecological integrity. That is, theopportunity of establishing the first and only Marine – Coastal National Park of Iran has been lost.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamithromycin on rat uterus smooth muscles and to evaluate the possible mechanism of action. Forty-four uterine tissues isolated from 16 female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams were used in the experiments. In the preliminary experiments, gamithromycin was tested at concentrations of 10-7 M, 10-6 M and 10-5 M; where 10-5 M was selected for the experiments. In Group 1, the uterus segments were treated for 10 min with 10-5 M gamithromycin following 10 min control contractions. In Group 2, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin over 2.5 mIU / mL oxytocin contraction was evaluated. In Group 3, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin was evaluated over 10-8 M atropine incubation. In Group 4, 10-5 M gamithromycin was applied for 10 min followed by 0.0625 μg/ml of cloprostenol application. The same protocols were applied for dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as control. Frequency, average amplitude and peak amplitude values ​​of the contractions were assessed. In Group 1, gamithromycin in were shown to increase the contractility at 10-5 M significantly (P≤0.01); while no statistically significant difference was observed in comparison to DMSO (P> 0.05). For the other tested groups, no statistically important difference were observed (P> 0.05). The nonsignificant difference of the results of this study can be attributed to the chemical form of gamithromycin and the concentration used. In order to be able to fully assess the effects and possible mechanism of gamihtromycin on the uterine smooth muscle, higher gamithromycin concentrations should be studied and, if possible, further studies should be performed with different agonist and antagonist agents.

This study evaluated the bioequivalence of three different enrofloxacin preparations in broilers after oral administration. Forty male broilers (Ross 308 broiler breeders) fed with feed containing no residues of drugs and pollutants for 30 days were used in the study. They were divided into four experimental groups each consisting of 10 animals. Enrofloxacin active substance solution, Reference Drug, Test Drug 1, and Test Drug 2 were administered to Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, respectively. Intravenous (IV) administration was performed in Group 1 whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 received oral gastrointestinal administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg using a probe. A blood sample of 1.0–2.0 mL was collected from the animals through v.cutanea ulnaris into sterile heparinized tubes before the drug administration (0.0 min) and at 0.5th, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 18th, 24th, 36th, and 48th hours after drug administration starting at 5th minute in Group 1 and 0.25th hour in other groups. Blood plasma was separated into its own fractions. Following the extraction of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from plasma, measurements were made using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Danofloxacin active substance was used as an internal standard (IS) in the extraction stage. Tests were performed for the sensitivity and reproducibility of the extraction method. Accordingly, HPLC showed that the time for plasma drug concentration to reach the peak value was 11.9–12.8th minutes for enrofloxacin, 8.4–9.2th minutes for ciprofloxacin, and 10.4–11.2th minutes for danofloxacin. The sensitivity of the method was determined as 0.01 µg/mL for enrofloxacin and 0.04 µg/mL for its metabolite ciprofloxacin and the recovery value of the method was found to be 75–90% for enrofloxacin and 55–70% for ciprofloxacin.  In the determination of bioequivalence, values obtained by dividing the area under the curve (AUC) of the test drug 1 and test drug 2 and plasma peak plasma concentration (Cmax) into the reference drug (0.96 and 0.97, respectively for the AUC and 0.92 and 0.97, respectively for Cmax) were found to be within acceptable limits (0.80–1.25).