Ducks are possible carriers of zoonotic diseases to humans. Public health is impacted by the widespread dissemination of Enterobacteriaceae carrying extended-spectrum-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from Egyptian ducks, as well as the molecular characteristics of ESBLs to ESBLs genes and non-ESBLs genes, were studied.15% E. coli isolates were recovered from duck, and all of them were virulent as hemolytic and congo red positive. All ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and nalidixic acid and 83.3% of isolates were also resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, penicillin, both ceftazidime, and cefotaxime. Recovered ESBL-producing E. coli strains harbored qnrA, tetA, sul1, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, aadA1, blaOXA-1, and blaSHV antimicrobial-resistance genes with a prevalence of 100%, 100%,83.3%, 83.3%, 83.3%, 75%, 58.3%, and 41.6%, respectively. 33.3% of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were MDR, and 66.7% were recognized as XDR. The extension of ESBLs- E. coli threatens public health should be carefully monitored.

Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an immunosuppressive viral disease causing high economic losses in poultry industry. In this study, 20 farms were represented for a prevalence study of the disease in Ismailia governorate, Egypt.ON532690.1 and ON532691.1 Isolates from bone marrow, thymus loops, liver, and spleen of broiler farms exhibiting some clinical and postmortem signs were used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. RT-PCR was used to amplify a 418bp product of the CIAV VP1 gene. Three farms out of 20 (15%) were positive. Phylogenetic tree of partial vp1 amino acids were classified into three groups according to change in H/22/N-Q amino acid indicated that there are three CIAV different strains circulating in Egypt. Hematological investigation revealed significant decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume declared normocytic normochromic anemia.The immunological studies revealed a significant decrease in serum lysozyme, nitric oxide (NO), antioxidants (CAT and GSH), total protein,and in the majority of serum protein fractions in infected chickens (G2) compared to apparently healthy (G1) while there were marked increase in G2 than G1 in A: Gratio. This result guides to review the vaccination programs against CIAV in Egypt forimproving the immune response against the infection.

The present study was carried out to evaluate oxidative stress and some immunological parameters of deltamethrin and diazinon in fattening buffalos’ calves. A total of 15 healthy calves, 8-12 months of age were divided into 3 groups (5 in each). Gp (1) control, Gp (2) calves sprayed with 1ml deltamethrin/liter water 3 times one week apart and Gp (3) calves sprayed with 1ml diazinon/liter water 3 times one week apart. On the 1st, 15th, and 30th-day post spraying 3 blood samples were taken from control and tested calves for determination of some immunohistochemical. Deltamethrin or diazinon each alone induced significant elevation in WBCs, neutrophils, eosinophils, MDA, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK, total lipid, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine associated with a significant reduction on phagocytic %, phagocytic index, killing %, serum IgG, IgM, IgA, total protein, albumin, α, β, γ globulin, total globulin, A/G ratio, CAT, SOD, GSH and GSH-px beside insignificant decrease in lymphocyte, monocyte and basophils at 1st and 15th days post spraying. All biochemical parameters improved after 30 days post-spraying as compared with the control. It was concluded that deltamethrin and diazinon induce some adverse effects in leukogram biochemical parameters and have immunosuppressive effects in calves.

Meat products represent an important source of animal-derived protein. However, meat products are also implicated as a potential source of human exposure to some chemical residues such as aflatoxins (AFTs). The objectives of the present study were first to estimate the total AFTs content in the retailed meat products (beef luncheon, sausage, and pasterma) in Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Besides, dietary intake and potential health risks for the Egyptian population associated with the consumption of AFTs-contaminated meat products were further calculated. The obtained results revealed that pasterma had significantly the highest AFTs content, followed by luncheon, and sausage respectively. Calculation of the daily intakes of the total AFTs revealed that consumption of bovine meat products represents a potential source for dietary exposure to total AFTs. However, the calculation of the margin of exposure of total AFTs among the Egyptian population based on the average consumption of meat products revealed that such meat products might not possess a cancer risk among Egyptian adults and children. In general, excessive consumption of such meat products should be avoided for long-life protection against AFTs-related cancer risk.

Evaluation of the efficacy of ashwagandha root extract to ameliorate the oxidative stress and depression resulting from diabetes in male rats was conducted in the current study. Thirty-six male albino rats were randomly grouped into two main groups: normal (n=18) and diabetic (n=18), diabetes was induced by a single dose of 150 mg/kg BW alloxan injected intraperitoneally. After six weeks, both normal and diabetic groups were further subdivided into six sub-groups; normal control, 100 & 200 mg/kg BW ashwagandha treated normal, diabetic control, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW ashwagandha treated diabetic groups, for another six weeks. The forced swim test was used to assess depression, and serum serotonin levels were measured. In brain tissue homogenates, the glutathione reduced content, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity were measured, as well as the total antioxidant capacity, total oxidative capacity, and malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, histopathological examination of the brain (cerebral cortex and cerebellum) were conducted. The obtained results revealed that the administration of ashwagandha extract to diabetic rats reduced immobility time during the forced swim test while increasing the serotonin levels significantly when compared with the diabetic group. Similar to this, brain total antioxidant capacity, glutathione reduced content, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity increased significantly, while brain total oxidative capacity, oxidative stress index, and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly when compared with the diabetic group. Furthermore, the histopathological changes in brain sections were reversed by ashwagandha root extract. In conclusion, ashwagandha root extract can be used to ameliorate the brain oxidative stress and depression brought on by diabetes mellitus at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW.

Vaccination has a very important role in controlling the most infectious diseases in horses especially Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Tetanus. The keeping quality of the locally prepared combined inactivated vaccine containing EIV, EHV-1 and Tetanus Toxoid (TT) adjuvanted with saponin and Alhydrogelwere improved through preparingthe lyophilized inactivated EIV, EHV-1 and TT vaccine then reconstituted with adjuvant (saponin) and compare between them (liquid and lyophilized). The two vaccine batches were inoculated into groups of guinea pig and horses for potency and immunogenicity measurement. The immune response in guinea pigs and horses measured by HI test for EIV and ELISA for EHV-1 and Toxoid Neutralizing antibody test (TN) for T.T which proved that antibody was detected at 2weeks post vaccination reached its peak at two-month post inoculation (2MPI) then declined gradually until 7MPI. There is no significant difference between all vaccines, as they were potent, efficient and immunogenic. Regarding to the keeping quality, the tested vaccine vials were keptat 4ºC for various interval times (1, 2, 2.5, and 3years) then inoculated into guinea piggroups. Finally, the lyophilized vaccine was proved to be stable and potent for 3years while the liquid vaccine was stable for 2years.

The reason for this research was to analyze the potential immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties of nano-selenium (nano-Se) in broiler chickens. The study utilized 150 one-day-old Cobb broiler chickens, which were arbitrarily allocated to six groups of 25 chickens every: G1 (control), G2 (0.3 ml nano-selenium/L water), G3 (0.5 ml nano-selenium/L water), G4 (E. coli 2 x 107 cfu), G5 (0.3 ml nano-selenium/L water and E. coli), and G6 (0.5 ml nano-selenium/L water and E. coli). Various immune response, antioxidant, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. The results revealed that infected chickens had significantly lower levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) compared to the control group. Conversely, the infected chickens revealed a marked higher in interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IF-γ), and malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, infected and nano-se treated chickens exhibited a rise in IgG, IgM, IgA, GSH, GPX, SOD, and IL-4 with a notable decline in IF-γ, IL-2, and MDA relative to the infected group. These findings suggest that nano-se may play a significant role in immune response, antioxidant activity, and control and prevention of E. coli infections in broiler chickens. These results imply that nano-se may have a substantial role in strengthening the immune response, antioxidant activity, and management and prevention of E. coli infections in broiler chickens.Bottom of Form

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently utilized for the treatment of a range of stomach disorders, but like any medication, they can cause adverse reactions. The benefits of taking these drugs generally outweigh the risks, but Potential adverse effects should be taken into consideration. This review will present updated information on the negative reactions associated with PPIs and identify areas for further research. The research for this paper was gathered from a variety of sources, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and other journals published between 1998 and 2022.

The bovine sector represents an important part of the animal resources in Egypt, as it plays important role in supplying humans with a considerable part of their daily needs of animal-derived proteins via their milk and meat. However, such animal species can be exposed during their life to a wide range of digestive disorders, which affect animal performance and productivity. Ultrasonography plays an essential role in the accurate and rapid diagnosis of several diseases affecting cattle and buffaloes. In this review, we will highlight the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of digestive disorders in cattle and buffaloes.

Sheep meat including mutton and lamb and its edible offal are regarded as important sources of high quality animal protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. However, unsanitary handling of such meat sources during the slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, or further processing might contribute to contamination of meat with a vast array of microorganisms including those with public health significance such as E. coli, and Salmonella spp. In this review, we would like to highlight the role of sheep meat and offal as potential sources of the spread of E. coli, and Salmonella spp. It was clear that adoption of strict hygienic measure during the entire steps of the carcass preparation and processing as well as efficient cooking of such meat and edible offal are among the suggested strategies to prevent the possible contamination of sheep meat with foodborne pathogens.