Mycoplasma bovis is one of the most important pathogens causing pneumonia worldwide. In this study, it was aimed to determine intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in calves infected with Mycoplasma bovis. The animal material of the study consisted of 30 calves including 20 simmental calves with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma bovis at 2-4 months of age and 10 healthy calves at the same age and the race. Serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in calves infected M. bovis and control group. Serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were found to be statistically higher in the calves with pneumonia than in the control group (P<0.01). A positive correlation between serum ICAM-1 concentrations and Mycoplasma bovis titers (increases in coefficient ratios) were statistically significant (r=0.664), indicating a positive correlation between serum ICAM-1 and CRP levels and titers of Mycoplasma bovis in the calves with pneumonia. As a result, it was observed that serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentrations were increased in infected pneumonia with Mycoplasma bovis. It is considered useful to consider these parameters in evaluating the prognosis of pneumonia cases of Mycoplasma bovis origin and the efficacy of applied treatment.

In this study microbiological changes of cattle sausages that are sold in the local markets of İzmir were monitored during storage at 4°C. Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria (AMB), Total Yeast and Mold (TYM), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Psychrophilic Bacteria (PB) counts of frankfurters were monitored on day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 of storage. Four different brand of cattle sausage were analyzed for this study. Total Yeast and Mold count didn’t change significantly whereas Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria and Psychrophilic Bacteria count increased approximately 2 log. Lactic acid bacteria count was increased about 1-3 log. Bad smell and slimy surface occurred on day 60 (end of the storage) implicating the spoilage of frankfurters. Results showed that the production process of the frankfurters analyzed for this study was insufficient to ensure low microbial load of the product and the counts might grow higher during storage.

This study was carried out to investigate the socio-economic analysis of fishermen of Çıldır Lake (Ardahan/Kars) cooperative. It has beendetermined that all fishermen are members of these cooperatives and that they are not members of any other nongovernmental organization. Ithas been determined that the ages of fishermen vary between 34 and 74, 100% are married and their spouses are between 20 and 70 years old.They were found to be primary school graduates with a rate of 74%. 65.21% of fishermen received a special training on their professions. Itwas found that 17.4% of fishermen had no sources of income other than fishing, and the remaining 82.6% were active in agriculture, animalhusbandry or other fields. It is generally determined that they have 1 boat, the majority of the boats are 6 m in length and made of iron. It wasseen that 43.47% of family members participated in hunting activities. Ownership of all of the boats belonged to the fishermen themselves and30.4% of them were informed that they were receiving them with the help of their boat families. It was found that fishermen used pinters incrayfish hunting and fennel nets in fish hunting. Although Çıldır Lake fishermen 's professions are found to be economically inadequate, it hasbeen determined that 14 fishermen with 60.87% of their income are happy to do this job due to their presence in one or more of the reasons foradditional income, habit, passion / hobby.

In this study, trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the facilities located in Doganşehir Sürgü, Malatya was used. Samples were received betweenNovember 2017 and January 2018. During the study, a total of 60 fish, 10 female, 10 male, 10 female, 10 male and 10 female, were studiedin the pre-milking period. After the fish were anesthetized with 0.25% phenoxyethanol, blood was taken from the tail end with the help of theinjector. Blood samples were taken from the alveolar vessels and measured with the PROKAN 6800 VET device. Hematological analyzes wereperformed using the Cell DN 1700 coulter counter to determine blood parameters. The weight of male fishes before mating was 359.5 ± 32.7g, increased to 453 ± 74.09 g during the mating period and decreased to 354 ± 99.35 g at the end of mating period. In females, before matingperiod weights were 421 ± 28.46 g, decreased to 375 ± 54.62 g during the mating period and increased to 392 ± 75.69 g after the mating period.The blood parameters obtained for male fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 50.8 ± 14.82 103/μL before mating, 55.79 ± 2.79 103/μL during mating, 54.61 ± 3.052 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.95 ± 0.59 106/μL before mating, 2.25 ± 0.20 106/μL duringmating, 2.24 ± 0.35 106/μL after mating; hemoglobin (HGB): 10.11 ± 3.07 g/dl before mating, 11.02 ± 1.02 g/dl during mating, 9.79 ± 0.84g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.38 ± 8.04 % before mating, 28.73 ± 2.70 % during mating, 29.62 ± 3.77 % after mating; leucocyte(GRAN): 1.664 ± 0.81 103/μ before mating, 1.22 ± 0.29 103/μ during mating, 1.33 ± 0.36 103/μ after mating. The blood parameters obtainedfor female fish are as follows; white blood cells (WBC): 54.57 ± 4.86 103/μL before mating, 47.2 ± 8 103/μL during mating, 42.65 ± 7.11 103/μL after mating; red blood cells (RBC): 1.94 ± 0.18 106/μL before mating, 1.75 ± 0.33 106/μL during mating, 1.39 ± 0.33 106/μL after mating;hemoglobin (HGB): 10.17 ± 0.78 g/dl before mating, 8.89 ± 1.59 g/dl during mating, 6.74 ± 1.57 g/dl after mating; hematocrit (HCT): 26.18 ±2.07 % before mating, 22.44 ± 4.54 % during mating, 18.04 ± 4.03 % after mating; leucocyte (GRAN): 1.54 ± 0.47 103/μ before mating, 1.18± 0.26 103/μ during mating, 1.09 ± 0.22 103/μ after mating.

In the world, aquaculture is seen as the fastest growing and developing food production sector and however, in the near future, it is estimatedthat the rates of fisheries and aquaculture will be equalized. In 2015, the fisheries production of the world amounted to 170,345,641 tons (fisheries;93,704,616 tons and aquaculture; 76,641,025 tons) according to the FAO records.The aquaculture in Turkey started in 1970s and its rate in total fisheries production has rapidly increased as of 2000. In our country, the amountof aquaculture, which was 79,943 tons in 2003, reached 253,395 tons in 2016. The aquaculture rate in the total production of our country hasincreased by more than 310%. As one of the most important reasons for this rate increase, it is seen to be providing some support policies withvarious incentive systems by the government for support and encourage the aquaculture in country.Directly product support for aquaculture farmers was started in 2003. According to the total capacity of the farms, total product and fry supportswere provided. In 2008, the total capacity supported was limited to 2000 tons/year. However, in 2012, different tonnage application (whole unitprice to 250 tons/year and ½ unit price from 251 to 500 tons/year) were brought to the total product support and the fry support was removed.At the same time, the processed product support was brought at the rate of twice the amount specified in the invoices of the total product. In thepresent, the support system is still continuing.The types of product support, prices, supported capacities and the expense criteria are applied annually by issuing the “Aquaculture SupportCommuniqués” in the Official Gazette.

A large number of biomarkers and indicator organisms have been suggested for the assessment of ecotoxicity of man-made compounds onaquatic environments. The physiological and biochemical indices in fishes are sensitive for detecting potential toxic effects, and also are obviousfrom the same reports that studies on the impact of pollutants on the physiological and biochemical status of aquatic organisms. In anattempt to define and measure the effect of pollutants on an ecosystem, biomarkers have attracted a lot of interest. The underlying principleof the biomarker approach is the analysis of an organism’s physiological or biochemical response to pollutant exposure. The measurement ofbiochemical and physiological parameters is a diagnostic tool commonly used in aquatic toxicology and bio-monitoring, so Hematologicaland immunological parameters are suitable biomarkers in mercury studies. During stress, fish respond in a number of ways in order to regainhomeostasis and two important physiological processes which are modulated when fish are exposed to stress, are hormonal status and immunefunction. In this paper, our previous research's on effects of different pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, nano particles, organic pollutants andetc.) on many fish species (marine and freshwater) was studied to detect new biomarkers (enzymatic, hormonal, immunological, hematological,histopathological and etc.) for water quality monitoring. In this study we examined markers of hematology, enzyme, hormone and histopathologyin different fishes. The aim of this study was to test a multi-trial biomarker approach for evaluating toxicological risk due to the majortoxicant in the water, using fishes as bio-indicator organism. The main objectives of this researches were: to identify the tissues and biologicalmaterials useful for biomarker studies; to evaluate various biochemical biomarkers in different tissues; to identify the most suitable biomarkersfor evaluating chemical stress due to the contaminants explored in this study.

In this study, seminal plasma proteins were seperated by sodium doedosil sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the relationship between obtained protein bands and motility, abnormal number of spermatozoa, abnormal number of dead spermatozoa and spermatozoa density indicating the quality of spermatozoa were examined before and after frozen samples of sperma. Ejaculate samples from 18 holstein bulls were taken and transported to the laboratory in cold conditions. After the examinations of the sperma samples, some of the samples were diluted and frozen. Some other sperma samples were centrifuged to obtain seminal plasma. Proteins of seminal plasma and frozen sperma samples were seperated by SDS-PAGE. Protein bands on the polyacrylamide gel from both seminal plasma and frozen sperma were evaluated as percentage distribution of proteins using densitometer. The percentage distribution of protein bands were compared with statistically the parameters of sperma. Results of this study showed that the protein band with 22 kDa has a relation with the motility and the number of dead spermatozoa. Moreover, the protein band with 29 kDa has a statistically significant relation with the number of abnormal spermatozoa. These results may suggest that seminal plasma proteins have a role on the functions of spermatozoa and its quality of life and on the physiologic role of seminal plasma.

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a wide broad-spectrum antibacterial drug used widely in veterinary medicine. It was aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of ENR in Kilis goats at single dosage of 2.5 mg/kg per goat body weight (bw) in the present study. A total of 10 healthy Kilis male goats were divided into 2 groups: each including 5 animals for the pharmacokinetic studies Group I, received 2.5 mg/kg via vena jugularis by IV route; Group 2 received the same dose by intramuscular route through administration at musculus semitendinosus at formulation. Group 1 blood samples were taken at 0.08, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hours and Group 2 blood samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hours after administration of drug. ENR and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CPR) analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximal plasma concentration (Cmax 0.77 ± 0.05 μg/ml for IM) was reached at 1.00 h (Tmax) for IM. The elimination half-life (T1/2) of ENR was of 21.09 ± 0.87 h for IV and 29.75 ± 2.50 h for IM. The values of area under concentration-time curve (AUC) of ENR were of 6.46 ± 0.52 and 4.11 ± 0.35 μg.h/ml. ENR bioavailability (F) was calculated as 63.62%. The elimination half-life of CPR was of 19.31 ± 2.15 h for IV and 33.42 ± 1.28 h for IM.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the parasitic infestation on some hormonal and biochemical values ​​in sheep infected with sarcoptic scabies. In this context, leptin and thyroid hormones which are important in metabolism and some biochemical changes were examined. The study material was selected from sheeps presented to Research and Application Hospital of Veterinary Faculty of Kırıkkale University and divided into two groups. The first group was consisted of sheeps infected with sarcoptic scabies and the second group was selected from healthy sheeps. The blood samples were collected from vena jugularis to serum tubes and they were centrifugated for the separation of the sera. The biochemical measurements were performed on these serum samples to investigate the levels of T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and leptin hormones as well as magnesium, albumin, total protein, uric acid, inorganic phosphate, triglyceride, calcium, creatine kinase and cholesterol. From these parameters, T4, calcium and cholesterol were increased and the FT3 values were decreased in the group of sarcoptic sheeps (p<0.05). Our data suggest that sarcoptic scabies may disturb the balance of thyroid hormone levels and lead to differences in the levels of biochemical parameters.

External skelatal fixators have been used in veterinary medicine for many years.  Fractures or joints stabilized using percutaneus fixation pins that penetrate the bone internally and connected externally. External fixators are useful for open and communited fractures that require prolonged fixation. It is especially useful in veterinary medicine because of the ease of application and wide spectrum indications.