miRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of protein synthesis. It is known that miRNAs, which are members of the non-coding RNAs class, are effective in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression and the hereditary and adaptive immune response. miRNAs bind to target mRNAs to regulate gene expression by mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. miRNAs have functions in the formation or development of many diseases such as cancer, viral and autoimmune diseases in which epigenetic mechanisms play a role. With the development of miRNA-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in recent years, miRNA research has gained importance. In this review, general information about miRNA is emphasized, its role in some diseases and the relationship between immunity and miRNA are examined.

Urinary myiasis is mainly caused by the larvae of Psychoda albipennis, Fannia scalaris, Musca spp., Sarcophaga spp., Lucilia spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Calliphora spp., and rarely by Eristalis tenax, Cordylobia anthropophaga and Clogmia albipunctata. Intestinal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Fannia canicularis, Eristalis tenax, Musca domestica, Calliphora vicina and rarely by Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus. The first case is a 47-year-old woman with difficulty in urination, frequent urination, haematuria, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, urinary incontinence and occasional small, moving, dark colored worm-like organisms in her urine for 4-5 months. The second case is an 8-year-old boy who complained of yellowish worm-like organisms in his feces, teeth grinding and to saliva in sleep for some time. These patients were referred to our department from the Department of Infectious Diseases of Medical Faculty Hospital in Kirikkale University. The larvae brought by the patient in separate containers were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The examined larvae were identified as Psyhcoda albipennis in urine and Fannia canicularis in faeces. In these cases, Psychoda albipennis was the second case in urine, while Fannia canicularis was the first case in feces in Kirikkale. It was found interesting that the mother and her son had different myiasis factors at the same time. This study shed slight on the medical importance of urinary and intestinal myiasis.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 2017-0730 Patent Number Thermolife Ixir product on weight loss and some biochemistry values in obese rat with fatty liver. Thirty male Wistar albino rats fed a high-fat diet were the material of the study. An obesity model was created in rats fed a special high fat diet. Ad libitum feeding was applied to rats with a special diet and water. These rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats in each group. Group B was given 1 gram of the product daily, and 1.5 grams of the product was given to group C while group A was served as control. All rats were fed a high-fat diet. Before the study, the body weight was measured and blood was drawn for serum parameters. The test mixture was administered orally for a month, the same parameters were measued periodically and differences were determined. After the study, it was observed that the body weight of the rats in group B and C decreased significantly compared to group A. It was determined that there was a decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride values, an increase in HDL values and, the changes in other parameters were not statistically significant. At the end of the study (the 30th day), it was observed that the adipose tissues in the body appearred normal and lower in the rats in group B and C which were fed without a diet change. The rats in group A had appearent fatty tissues in abdomen and aroud the different areas of the body. In histopathological examination, the liver in group A rats was associated with hepatic steatosis, which covered approxiamtely 10% of the liver, due to excessive fatty nutrition. In a dependent manner, the rats in groups B and C had lower triglyceride and glucose levels and higher HDL levels. In conclusion, the Thermolife Ixir productcauses weight loss and fat burning in rats in a dose dependent manner that is also associated with increase in HDL as well decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels.

The aim of the present study was to examine gastrointestinal parasites in stool samples collected from stray dogs cared in animal shelters of Kırıkkale and Ankara and pet dogs that have been taken to the clinics and animal hospitals for control and treatment, and to evaluate the results for public health. Stool samples of 200 animals were obtained by arriving relevant centres for this purpose. Stool samples obtained were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Fülleborn Flotation and Benedek Sedimentation techniques were applied onto the stool samples for microscopic examination; Mc Master technique as used to determine the egg count per stool gram in stool samples which were positive for parasite. Stool samples were also examined for protozoan trophozoites and cysts through Giemsa staining, and for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts through Carbol-Fuchsin staining. According to the results of this study, helminths and protozoans were detected with following rates; Toxocara canis by 18%, Toxascaris leonina by 9%, Taenia spp. by 0.5%, Ancylostoma spp. by 7.5%, Dipylidium caninum by 0.5%, Hymenolepis diminuta by 0.5%, and Fasciolid type egg by 1.5%; protozoans detected in the stool samples were Isospora spp. by 14.5%, Giardia spp. by 16.5%, and Cryptosporidium spp. by 2%. Furthermore, the egg of Linguatula serrata (0.5%) was detected in one dog, and mature Demodex spp. (2%) was detected in 4 dogs.

Candida species are the most common encountered agent of fungal infections. Catheter related infections affect over one million patients in Europe and US annually. Candida species infections are responsible for over 63 % of fungal infections in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles in urinary catheter related cystitis and vulvo vaginitis of C.albicans, which is common for human and veterinary medicine is very hard to treat. Thirty healthy adult female Wistar rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into three groups; experimental group with C.albicans inoculation and treatment (n = 10) and positive control group C.albicans inoculations without treatment (n=10) and negative control group with urinary catheter placed without any pathogen inoculation (n=10). Nanobiosilver was administrated after the establishment of infection. Vulvovaginal and urinary bladder tissues collected at necropsy were process for Gomori staining histopathology and electron microscopy. Rats received inoculation exhibited significant outcomes associated with fungal infections compare to negative control rats. Results of control group were between physiological limits. C.albicans was detected in urine samples at 72nd hours after inoculation in experimental group but not observed at 7th day in animals treated with nanobiosilver. In conclusion, due to its safety, efficacy and lack of systemic effects, nanobiosilver could be an excellent alternative for the initial treatment of catheter related candidiasis in veterinary medicine.

The aim of the presented study was to investigate the efficacy of intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4, GATA-6, IGF-I and IGF-II levels on etiopathogenesis of follicular cystic degenerations in dairy cows in accordance with some puerperal physiology parameters. After calving in the farm, all the cows were screened for the preovulatory and cystic follicles via ultrasonography with 5 MHz transrectal linear probe for the evaluation of ovarian activity at the days of postpartum 14, 24, 34, 44 and 55. Preovulatory and cystic follicular fluids were collected by aspiration via transvaginal ovum pick up method. Furthermore, uterine involution and vaginal discharges were evaluated by clinical examinations. Intrafollicular expression of GDF-9, GATA-4 and GATA-6 proteins were estimated by Western-blot assay and IGF-I levels were determined by ELISA. In cyst group, densitometric evaluation revealed that the expression of intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4 and GATA-6 and IGF-I levels were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). According to ovarian examinations, in cyst group, it was observed that at the day of postpartum 14 and 24, the difference in follicular diameters were significant between groups (p<0.01) and the follicles moved directly to cystic structure at the days of postpartum 24 or 34, is originated from same follicles at the day of postpartum 14. Involution process was observed to be slightly lower in cyst group, but, it was determined that there was no difference in uterine involutions among the study groups (p>0.05). In follicular cyst group, especially at the days of postpartum 24 and 34, the observation of severe mucotic vaginal discharges was found noteworthy. As a result, dairy cows presenting cystic ovaries, have lower intrafollicular GDF-9, GATA-4, GATA-6 and IGF-I levels than those of the preovulatory follicle group and also it has been suggested that, these proteins may play an active role in the etiopathogenesis of ovarian cysts and these findings may be associated with physiological parameters as well.

Embriyonic deaths (ED) are one of the most important economic losses in breeding mares. Energy deficit and hormonal changes in the lactating mare is expected to increase the incidence of embriyonic deaths. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the liability of ED from lactation and body condition score changes during breeding season in KWPN (Koninklijk Warmbloed Paard Nederland) mares, on which there are a limited number of studies about the reproductive properties in this breed. At the onset of reproductive activity inception in lactation, average body condition score (BCS) was  7.44 ± 0.24, until the second estrous cycle postpartum it was decreased (6.89 ± 0.20), and by the end of the breeding season  upward tendency (6.96 ± 0.18) was observed. In the non-lactating mares the average BCS was 6.33 ± 0.21, continuously rising until the end of the breeding season (7.17 ± 0.31). The rate of embryonic deaths were 25.58% in lactating mares (11/43). In the non-lactating mares, total of 16 pregnancies were recorded in any of the embryonic mortality was observed. As a result, the decrease in embryonic death occurred in body weight and BCS, depending on the energy loss in lactating mares KWPN was concluded to be remarkable factors with increasing incidence. Therefore the reproductive status of the mares in the generative approach has been demonstrated that a strategy should be kept in mind strongly.

Nigella (Nigella sativa) plants and oil for centuries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East today is by the United States and millions of people in Europe "to promote health" was a plant used and has been a material referenced in terms of health. As a result of scientific research, it was suggested that the seeds of vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids should be consumed by scientists due to acid. Nigella sativa has significantly increased the total lymphocyte amount and has been supported by studies that have an immunomodulatory effect on both humans and animals. Healthy life support issues to the forefront of popular Cumin seed, which is an important component of thymoquinone (TQ) has been preferred due to potential medicinal properties as a source of healing. In the scientific researches, seedlings of black seed, vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids may be useful to be consumed due to the products.

The aim of this study is to investigate the toxicity of biosilver particles on the rodent model. Ten guinea pigs were used for the sensitization test (Guinea pig maximization experiment) and 80 BALB-C mice 8-12 weeks old were used for systemic toxicity studies. Mice used in the study; acute, subacute, subchronic experimental groups and control groups. A single dose of nanobiosilver for the acute systemic toxicity test, 7 replicate doses of nanobiosilver intraperitoneal 50 ml / kg were given for the subacute and subchronic toxicity tests. At the end of the study, liver tissues were taken from animals and examined histopathologically. During the study, there were no significant changes in clinical findings in the groups. No significant changes were detected in the vital tissues of the study groups. As a result, it has been found that the biosilver particles do not show any acute, subacute and subchronic toxic effects on the rodent model.

This study was aimed to gain reliable data regarding the gender-based discrimination towards woman academicians working in the veterinary faculties in Turkey. The data is based on 220 (31.3 %) women academicians out of 544 women while the total educators working in 24 veterinary faculties in Turkey during 2017 were 1,739. The scope of the study was from career beginners to the women who are on the administration positions. Results showed that the memberships in the professional organization are increased up to 51.4 % where this ratio is directly proportional to the level of an academic position. 79.10 % think that there is no discrimination towards them due to their gender, while 57 % of them did not face a problem as a woman in their respective workplaces. The rate of women in the administration is 20.9 %. As a result, it can be concluded that academic profession offers relatively more equal employment opportunities to women, compared to other professions, however, the ratio of women is very less in the decision-making mechanisms in academia.