This work was designed to investigate effects of environmental enrichment during gestation on behaviour, physiology and brain histology of enriched and non-enriched offspring rats. A total of 30 female wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups; control and enriched groups. Offspring from prenatally enriched group were divided after weaning into two groups; one raised under standard condition (enriched group) and the other raised under enriched condition after weaning (E+EC group) from the day 23 to the day 35 postnatal. Observing neonates' behaviour, on the day 36 postnatal, rats subjected to behavioural tests. On the day 42 postnatal, blood samples were collected and brain samples were obtained for histopathology. Behavioural tests revealed significant (P<0.05) increased time spent in open arm, open arm entries and time in center in E+EC group and unprotected stretch attend posture (USAP) were significantly (P<0.01) increased in E+EC group. Freezing time in open field test was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in the enriched group, while grooming frequency was significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The corticosterone level was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The mean of tertiary processes of cytoplasmic processes in cross section of hippocampal region were significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC) group. In conclusion, providing experimental laboratory rats with physical enrichment tools in prenatal and postnatal life can improve their behavioural and physiological status reflecting on their welfare.

This study was carried out to detect the efficiency of different concentrations of medicinal herbal extract as decontaminant agent on broiler carcasses. Therefore, a total of twelve broiler carcasses treated with sumac extract (4% and 8% w/v) and rosemary extract (0.3% and 0.5% w/v) and stored at 0±1°C. All treated carcasses were sensory and microbiologically analyzed. It has been found that there were no changes in color and odor of treated carcasses, either by sumac extract (8% w/v) or rosemary extract (0.5% w/v), however, a reduction in the total bacterial count, coliforms count, E. coli count and Staphylococcus spp. count one/two log less than control samples and shelf-life of broiler carcasses was noticed and extended three to six days more than the control. From the present study, it could be concluded that sumac extract (8% w/v) and rosemary extract (0.5% w/v) are effective as broiler meat decontaminant and preservative.

A study was carried out to analyse the efficacy of neem leaf powder, administered in a capsule against coccidiosis in young goats as well as to identify the species of coccidia found in a selected private farm in Sungai Siput, Perak. A total of seven Eimeria spp were found, in faecal samples from the experimental goats, namely; E. arloingi,E. hirci, E. alijevi, E. christenseni, E. jolchijevi, E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. caprina at a rate of 40%, 23%, 14%, 7%, 5% and 2% respectively. Two types of treatment for coccidiosis, herbal and synthetic, were given to 24 young goats for a period of 8 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of a herbal product, that is the neem leaf powder capsule, a product of the Veterinary Research Institute.Results show that there is no significant differences (p>0.01) between neem capsule treatment and a synthetic drug (sulphurbased) treatment in treating coccidiosis infection. This study shows that neem leaf powder can be an effective substitute for controlling coccidiosis in goats

In 2014, a total of 16 riverterrapins (Batagur affinis), locally calledtuntung sungai, died due to variouscauses and a post mortem was carriedout. Complete diagnostic evaluationof parasitological and bacteriologicalfindings were recorded. Significantparasitological findings consisted of seventerrapins showing presence of Ascarid(Sulcascaris sulcata) and Strongyle(Oesophagostomum sp.) worms in the gutcontents. Strongyle and strongyloides eggswere detected using McMaster’s method onfaeces of 12 terrapins. Bacterial culturesfrom organs indicated the presence ofE. Coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus chromogenes, Aeromonashydrophila (4+) dan E.Coli (4+). Thisindicates that common parasites andbacteria are important in the conservationprogrammes for river terrapins andmeasures to curb the infection is highlyrecommended. Continuous data collectionwill enable its management and assessmentin control programmes for a more effectiveconservation programmes.

This study was conducted to investigate whether dietary enzymes alter the caecal microbial profile of broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Four sorghum-based diets (918 g sorghum/kg diet) were prepared. One was the control diet and three had enzymes (xylanase, phytase andprotease) added. Broilers, 35-day-old, were reared (8 birds/cage) in an environmentally controlled shed and randomly allocated to replicated (n=4) assay diets and free access to feed and water all time. On day-42, birds were euthanized and caecal contents collected, pooled on a per/pen basis and frozen (-20 °C). The DNA was extracted from caecal samples using a bead-beating protocol and the V2V3 regionof the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified by PCR. Amplicons were separated on sequence difference using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and microbial profiles generated and compared.The DGGE profiles, when analysed, indicated that there was approximately 80% similarity between caecal microflora in all types of the diet treatments. This suggests that there was no overalldifference between any of the profiles and therefore the addition of different types of feed enzymes in a sorghum-based diet had no impact on the overall composition of the broiler caecal microflora.

Nematode eggs in liver tissues of two wild rats were recorded atthe Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Kota Bharu from 2014 to 2015. A total of 15 (2014) and 48 (2015) wild rats were examined by the laboratory for routine screening of zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira sp. and others. On histological examination of the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver tissues, masses of parasitic nematode eggs were observed. The shell of the eggsis striated with shallow polar prominences at either end. Numerous mini-pores can be seen on the outer shell as well. The eggswere identified as Capillaria hepatica (C. hepatica) nematode eggs, which causes hepatic capillariasis in rodents and numerous other mammal species, including humans. The wild rats were alsoshown to harbour Salmonella enteritidis from the intestine, E. coli from the lung and liver but none had leptospirosis by PCR. The purpose of this report is to highlight a common nematode of wildrats that is Capillaria hepatica infection in wild rats in Kelantan diagnosed by the Kota Bharu Regional Laboratory, in orderto create the awareness on concurrent parasitic infections which may cause reduced immunity thereby creating higher risk for other zoonotic pathogens such as leptospirosis.

A descriptive study was conducted to identify the different strains of Echinococcus granulosus occurring in livestock in Moroto district, Uganda.Echinococcus cysts from 104 domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, goats and camels, were taken and examined by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger DNA sequencing. Echinococcus granulosus genotypes or strains were identified through use of Bioinformatics tools: BioEdit, BLAST and MEGA6. The major finding of this study was the existence of a limited number of E. granulosusgenotypes from cattle, goats, sheep and camels. The most predominant genotype was G1 (96.05%), corresponding to the common sheep strain. To a limited extent (3.95%), the study revealed the existence of Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 in three (n = 3) of the E. granulosus-positive samples. No other strains of E. granulosus were identified. It was concluded that the common sheep strain of Echinococcus sensu stricto and G6/7 of E. canadensiswere responsible for echinococcal disease in Moroto district, Uganda.

The results of present study showed that the liver of the Collard Dove and Ruddy Shelduck was covered by a thick connective tissue capsule, formed of collagen fibers and some reticular fibers. Hepatocytes were arranged as irregular anastomosing cords of two cells. The cords were separated from each other's by blood sinusoids. The hepatocytes were large polygonal cells with large rounded nuclei. The portal triads containing branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct and lymph vessels.

In present study investigated of the histological structure of the gills of two fish species: Cyprinus carpio and Otolithes rubber which represented fresh water and seawater fish respectively. A total 20 specimens of freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio) collected from Shatt-Al-Arab and 20 specimens of seawater fish(Otolithes ruber) were collected from Arabian Gulfs. The histological examination of gill samples showed that the seawater samples had a larger number of the chloride and pavement cells, compare with C. carpio. Also the gill raker of the O. rubber was appeared a cartilage and osseous tissue in the external side, while fibrous connective tissue, skeletal muscle layer and large amounts of adipose tissue was noticed in internal side, while the rake gills of the freshwater fish C. carpio was showed lake of the bone and skeletal muscle as well as adipose tissue.