The aim of this study was to explore the residual concentrations of four heavy metals; mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral fish collected from fish markets in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Besides, metal’s dietary intake and public health risk were calculated. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to analyze  these toxic heavy metals in 60 fish samples of Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral ( 20 of each). The concentration (mg/ kg) of Hg were the same value (0.02 ± 0.01) in Mullet, Brush tooth lizard, and Coral fish. However, for As were 0.35 ± 0.10, 0.32 ± 0.10, and 0.30 ± 0.08, respectively; meanwhile, Pb concentration was 0.09 ± 0.04 for both Mullet and Brush tooth lizard and it was 0.10 ± 0.04 for Coral fish Cd concentrations were 0.02 ± 0.01 in all examined fish. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Hg, As, Pb, and Cd were 0.011, 0.191, , 0.049  and 0.011µg/ kg BW/ day , respectively in Mullet; 0.011, 0.174, 0.049, and 0.011 µg/ kg BW/ day in, respectively Brush tooth lizard; 0.011, 0.163, 0.054, and 0.011 µg/ kg BW/ day , respectively in Coral fish, that was below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The Target hazard quotient (THQ) of Hg, As, Pb, and Cd from consumption of examined fish was less than one which means that there was no hazard from consumption of these fish.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a kind of metabolic disorder, including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, etc.  Dietary intervention was thought to be one of the lifestyle strategies, along with others like nutritional intervention, psychological intervention, etc., that might effectively treat MetS. the ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat diet that has been shown to be helpful in a variety of diseases such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, acne, cancer, and respiratory distress. The study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of a ketogenic diet on rat MetS models. In this study, 40 males’ rats were divided into four groups, for a period of 24 weeks, the rats were received KD. Some biochemical, molecular parameters and histopathology of liver tissues were determined. Our results demonstrated that compared to rats in the MetS group, the KD group and MetS +KD group reduced glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and Malondialdehyde (MDA), while the KD group and MetS +KD group increased glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P < 0.05). An upregulation was found in the gene expression levels of the homogenate of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and the Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in control group, KD group, and MetS +KD group compared with Mets group. In conclusion based on these results, KD can be suggested as a healthy weight loss diet with positive metabolic and hepatic benefits.

Beauveria spp., an entomopathogenic fungus, has recently been widely used as a biocontrol agent of house fly populations to evade the critical effects of chemical insecticides on humans, animals, and the natural ecosystem. In the presented study, different types of fungi were isolated from house flies collected from various locations in different Egyptian governorates between 2021 and 2022. The flies were caught in garbage dumps, dairy and meat production units on cattle farms and poultry farms. The entomopathogenic fungi were identified morphologically and genetically, showing that the isolate was molecularly identified as Beauveria bassiana. This efficacy of the isolated fungal strain against the house fly, M. domestica, was estimated using laboratory bioassay by the immersion method. The isolated fungal strain successfully induced fatal changes with a high mortality rate in the laboratory-reared house flies, which confirms the scientific world researches which has been carried out. The achieved result showed a direct correlation between fungal concentrations and the mortality rate, which reached up to 99.16 %. They also exhibited great destruction and a direct relationship between the increase in spore concentration and the degree of overall DNA genotoxic damage in the exposed fly's DNA to Beauveria bassiana. Beauveria bassiana MN960454.1 can be used as an efficient way for controlling house fly biologically reached up to 99.16 %. Thus, it is recommended to apply Beauveria spp. as a spray in house fly breeding areas.

A main task for the food safety and animal hygiene sectors is to ensure safety and adoption of strict hygienic measures during the entire chain of the meat industry. To fulfill this task, continuous monitoring of the hygienic status of meat of different animal species and their contact surfaces is mandatory. In this study, the hygiene indicators including total bacterial counts (TBC), most probable number (MPN) of coliforms, total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold and yeast counts (TMYC) of the surfaces of cattle, buffaloes, camel, and sheep retailed in Sharkia governorate Egypt were tested. Besides, such parameters were also investigated for the carcass contact surfaces including, the batcher hands, knives, cutting boards, and walls of the butcher shops. The obtained results indicated microbial contamination of the meat of different animals and their contact surfaces at variable rates. In general, cattle carcasses followed by that of the buffaloes had the highest microbial contamination. While, walls and cutting boards showed the highest microbial contamination among the examined contact surfaces. In conclusion, adoption of strict hygienic measure during handling of the animal carcasses, sterilization of the carcass's contact surfaces is highly suggested to produce meat of high keeping quality.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of extracted oregano essential oils on the physical, chemical properties of meat and the carcass properties of broilers, 180 one day old chicks (Ross 308)  arranged into3 dietary groups with 3 replicates (20 birds for each replicate). The experimental groups as follows: Group 1 (G1) control (basal diet), Group 2 (G2) included basal diet + 300 μl of oregano plant extract per kg of diet,  Group 3 (G3) contained basal diet + 600 µl of oregano plant extract for kg of diet. The period of experiment was 35 days. Results revealed that the % of dressed weight as well as % weight of breast was significantly (P ˂0.05) increased in groups which feeding with essential oil of oregano compared to a control diet. In contrast, there were no significant (P ˃ 0.05) influences of essential oils of oregano on (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, gizzard) relative weights and intestinal length. However, supplemented groups with oregano essential oils showed a significant decrease in % of pH, TVN and TBA, as well as a significant (P ˂ 0.05) reductions in % of cooking loss, % of drip loss and shear force of the pectoral muscles when compared to the group feeding control diet. A higher significant increase in WHC was found in the group supplemented with 600 μl of OEO compared to the 300µl OEO and control group. OEO had non-significant influence on breast meat color (a, b, l) compared to the group feeding control diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of essential oils of oregano plant extract can improve carcass quality, physical and chemical meat quality of broiler chickens.

Azithromycin, an antibiotic belonging to the macrolide group, is used not only for bacterial infections, but also for fungal and viral diseases. The main side effects of its use are hepatic and renal toxicities. The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of vitamin E and selenium against azithromycin-induced hepatic and renal toxicities. Fifty male albino rats used were allocated into 5 equal groups, each of 10 rats. All the treatments were taken orally for ten days in all groups.  Group I served as a normal control. Group II received olive oil. Group III received azithromycin (6mg/kg bwt). Groups IV and V received vitamin E and sodium selenite at doses of 100 mg/kg bwt and 0.3mg/kg bwt, respectively at two hours before azithromycin administration. Two blood samples were collected from each rat, one on heparin and the other without anticoagulant to obtain clear sera for hematological studies and biochemical analysis respectively. Liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Vitamin E or selenium administrations significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma- glutamyle transferase (GGT) activities, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, and MDA concentration in azithromycin-treated rats. Moreover, both Vitamin E and selenium significantly increased hematological parameters, protein profile (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and antioxidant enzyme activities (GPX, SOD, GSH, CAT) in rats treated with azithromycin with a significant improvement in the histopathological pictures of the hepatic and renal tissues. Based on these findings, vitamin E and selenium may be beneficial agents for protection against liver and kidney toxicities induced by azithromycin.

The fish industry has grown considerably worldwide, and fungal infections represent a significant aspect that increases economic losses and challenges through high mortality rates. The Egyptian aquaculture industry is particularly vulnerable to Saprolegnia parasitica, a deadly fish pathogen. Using phytobiotics as immunomodulators, antioxidants, and health promoters in aquaculture have been proven recently as an alternative strategy for banned malachite green. This research aimed to examine the thyme effect (Thymus vulgaris) on the immune status of cultured Nile tilapia against Saprolegniasis. A total of 50 fish (Oreochromis niloticus) with skin lesions were gathered from a private fish farm in Alexandria, Egypt. Skin swabs, gill swabs, and muscle tissue were obtained from each fish. After the mycological examination, results revealed that 35 isolates out of 150 examined samples (23.33%) were positive for fungal growth, of which 15 (10%) isolates were identified as Saprolegnia species. In addition, other fungi were detected; 5 (3.33%), 8 (5.33%), 4 (2.67%), and 3 (2%) isolates were identified as Penicillium species, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria species, and Fusarium species, respectively. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of thyme, 300 healthy Nile tilapia fish with a mean weight of 30 ± 5 gm were brought to be experimentally designed; they were distributed into four groups (with three replicates) and were fed on an experimental diet including 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 thyme oil (gm/100gm diet) continuously for two months. Then fish were infected with S. parasitica zoospores, which were thoroughly mixed with their diet. According to results, after two months of feeding, catalase (CAT), serum lysozyme activity, and total protein dramatically increased according to the levels of thyme added; the acquisition was for the group fed on a 1.5 gm/100gm diet. Additionally, the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in liver tissues increased similarly. Hence, it is concluded that employing thyme would improve the well-being and yield of the farmed Nile tilapia.

Dairy products are responsible of contamination with multiple microorganisms by different ways during handling, processing, and production, thus it would be unfit for consumption and form a public health hazard. Food borne diseases become a great trouble containing an extensive range of disorders caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, or even chemical contamination of food. That reflected a problem due to the massive use of traditional antibiotics in human and animal diseases treatment and from this time, the persisted development of new programs of antimicrobial agents has become of rising importance to medicine. Probiotics not only used in treating gastrointestinal disease, but also used in food industry as natural antimicrobial substances which have a lot of bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect against different food borne pathogens. Contamination by foodborne pathogen in foods represents a serious challenge that may lead to severe disorders as toxic infection, food poisoning and intoxication. These pathogens caused illness, mortality and product withdraws. In fact, attention the using of herbal products has increased during the recent decades. Plants play an significant role in human health, it is likely that 25% of modern medicine were originated directly or indirectly from herbs. Many compounds present in plants have been reported to be antimicrobial, allopathic antioxidants, biologically active and have bioregulatory properties that have been proven real anti-bacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-viral and antioxidants. Aromatic essential oils are used as flavouring and prevent the growth of microbial contaminants and mould in food industry. Recently, probiotic bacteria have been used as substitutes for antibiotics to treat or different prevent intestinal infections. Studies of using natural preservatives either alone or in combination with other alternative have been verified (as probiotic) not only to evaluate synergism but also to produce effective combinations. Finally, we will discuss the effect of probiotic and natural extract on hygienic quality of some dairy products.

Meat products are regarded as major sources of essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, during all stages of the processing of meat products, including the slaughter of the animal, dressing, evisceration, and subsequent transportation and distribution, may expose the product to a wide range of bacteria. The microbial community of the finished goods may be influenced by handling and raw materials used in the production of the meat products. The microbiological condition of meat products may be affected by a number of factors, including worker hands, clothing, knives, cutting boards, slaughterhouse and meat processing plant environments, including walls, floors, washing water, etc. Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is considered as one important foodborne pathogen that is responsible for many cases of food poisoning among consumers worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the current scenario of the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in retailed meat products in Egypt and worldwide. The cited literatures in the current review demonstrated that effective sanitary practices should be used throughout all phases of handling meat to produce meat products with a high level of storage quality and free from L. monocytogenes.

Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic subclass azalides. It is generated from erythromycin and has a 15-membered lactone ring thanks to the addition of a nitrogen atom that has been swapped with methyl. By interfering with their ability to synthesise proteins, it stops bacteria from expanding. It prevents the translation of mRNA by attaching to the bacterial ribosome's 50S subunit. Certain bacterial infections, most frequently those that result in middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis, and sinusitis, are treated or prevented using azithromycin. Its main purpose in recent years has been to protect babies and those with weakened immune systems from bacterial infections. Additionally, it works well against some STDs, including chlamydia, cervicitis, and nongonococcal urethritis. Nearly a century has passed since the discovery of vitamin E (-tocopherol). The body prefers -tocopherol above the other eight vitamin E-related compounds found in the basic diet, despite the fact that all of them are peroxyl radical scavengers. The regulatory mechanisms that assist to retain -tocopherol and excrete the non-tocopherol forms are crucial to vitamin E's biological activity. Ataxia is a neurologic abnormality that is present in severe vitamin E insufficiency, and it can lead to death. Selenium is critically important to maintaining health. It is a crucial part of various important metabolic processes, such as the metabolism of thyroid hormones, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and immunological function. Therefore, there are a number of potential public health ramifications of the drop in blood selenium content in several parts of the world, particularly in light of the high frequency of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. On the basis of blood glutathione peroxidase activity, recommended dietary intakes of selenium were first suggested ten years ago. Since then, 30 novel selenoproteins have been discovered, 15 of which have been purified such that their biological role can be characterized. This review gives an overview on the use of azithromycin, vitamin E, and selenium in health and disease.