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Trypanosoma evansi is enzootic in camels in Egypt, and water buffaloes act as a reservoir for camel infection. Molecular techniques have contributed towards understanding the epidemiology of T. evansi. Trypanosoma evansi was detected in acute and chronic stages of the disease in male and female mice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two primers. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, two groups consisting of 26 female and 26 male mice received 104 trypanosome by I/P inoculation for each mouse. In experiment II, 42 female and 42 male mice were inoculated I/P with 102 trypanosome/mouse. In addition, five mice were kept as uninfected control for each group. Mice were monitored daily for parasitaemia level during the pre-patent period using the micro-haematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and conventional PCR. The primer pairs, (Trypanosoma brucei) TBR1/2 and TeRoTat1.2 (T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon antigen type [RoTat] 1.2), detected the infection after 24 hours earlier than MHCT in both experiments. The course of infection that was detected by MHCT revealed three waves of parasitaemia in female mice and two waves in male mice in the chronic stage of infection. In addition, PCR was able to detect T. evansi in different organs in the chronic stage (i.e. disappearance of parasite from blood). Application of the two primer sets on blood samples from camels showed that all samples were positive by TBR1/2 primers and only 32 of 44 were positive by TeRoTat1.2 primers. Acutely and chronically Trypanosoma-infected mice were detected by PCR in blood and organs. TBR1/2 primers were more sensitive than TeRoTat1.2 primers in detecting Trypanosoma-infected mice, and more reliable in detecting field-infected camels and excluding carrier animals.

Present study was carried to evaluate the toxicity of the Pb and Cd elements on the larvae of Culexquinquefasciatus. In the laboratory 5 concentrations of lead nitrate and cadmium nitrate , namely 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg\l and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg\l of Pb and Cd respectively in each concentration 10 larvae were introduce beside there was a control (0mg/l). Statically analysis results declare that 1st and 2nd instars effected significantly in comparison with the control .Mortality percentage reached 28, 38.7, 48, 58, and 73.5 % in concentration 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg\l respectively of lead nitrate. On the other hand, cadmium nitrate mortality percentage reached 44, 55, 65, 74.5, and 79.5 % in concentration 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg\l respectively. Also, LC50 was going higher as the larva going older, measured 14.7, 16.9 for 1st and 2ndinstars and 22.3 and 41.4 for 3rd and 4th instars. On the other hand, cadmium nitrate appeared more effect than Leadnitrate with LC50  of 0.9, 1.05, 1.3, and 1.8 mg\l for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars respectively.

The current study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of Ocimum basilicum seeds oil and Linum usitatissimum seeds oil on some physiological parameter and histopathological changes when induced acute myocardial infarction in rabbits by isoproterenol.Thirty-six male rabbits were divided into six groups: group (C): control negative,group (ISO): received isoproterenol (control positive), (BP) group: basil seed oil protective group, (FP) group: flaxseed oilprotective group, (BT) group: basil seed oil treated group and (FT)group: flax seed oil treated group. The results showed thata significant decrease in the biomarker enzymes(CK-MB, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP) concentration and serum MDA in the BP, FP, BT, and FT groups compare with ISO group. In addition to that, the basil oil and flaxseed oil protect and improvement histopathological findings in the myocardium tissue of isoproterenol effect.

The present study was aimed to investigate the intraglandular duct system pattern in a parotid salivary gland in both gazelle and sheep. Eight parotid glands were used, three types of contras media were used, and some radiological parameters Kv. 80, time exposure  10 msec with focus film distance  80 cm. The radiological results showed that the parotid salivary gland in gazelle made up of five lobes, the intraglandular duct system appear as highly branched, and the main execratory duct formed inside the gland by union of five lobar ducts, while in sheep the gland appear formed from three-lobe and main duct formed from three lobar ducts inside the gland .

One hundred fifty cheese samples were collected between 8 October 2017 to February 2018. Fifty samples from each  cows , buffalos and sheep. The sample transferred to TSB (tryptone soy broth) and PBS (Phosphate buffer saline) for enrichment and cooled enrichment procedure respectively. Using Yersinia selective agar TSB enrichment showed high percentage of suspected Yersinia isolation. Eleven isolates from cow cheese (22%), 10 isolates from buffaloes cheese (20%) and  8 isolates from sheep cheese (12%). In contrast PBS enrichment showed better selectivity to reduce bacterial number other than suspected Yersinia enterocolitica isolates.  The results indicate there were 8 isolates from cow cheese (22%), 9 isolates from buffaloes cheese (20%) and 7 isolates from sheep cheese (16 %). The suspected colonies that grow on selective agar and having bull eye appearance were subjected to biochemical identification. The results showed that cow and buffaloes cheese were contaminated with this bacterium at the percentage of  8% and 6% respectively. Sheep cheese was also contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica at a percentage of 4 %. The total percentage of isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from all animals were 6.%.. The isolated strains were highly susceptible toward azithromycin, streptomycin, and Gentamycin, followed by Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol (93.3%). The low susceptibility was found toward vancomycin (6.66%) followed by Cloxacillin (33.3%). The result of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enterotoxin genes,  ystA and ystB were investigated by PCR using a pair of primers for each. The results showed that ystA gene was absent in all nine investigated strains while ystB gene was present in four strain at a ratio of 44.4%.

       The functions of  the ovaries are controlled by many   exogenous and endogenous factors,  including changes in the biochemical and endocrine glands that occur in the follicular fluid during the breeding season in the bitches. The aim of this study was  to determine and compare the concentrations some hormonal in the peripheral circulation and follicular fluid of bitches during the breeding season.  For this purpose, ovaries collected from adult bitches immediately after ovariectomy,  and blood samples were  also collected from these bitches before and after season. The follicular fluid and blood serum samples were analyzed for hormonal concentrations using commercial kits.  The results showed that  the concentrations of estrogen,  progesterone and testosterone  in blood serum at season (54.31±0.49, 20.75 ±0.12, 0.75±0.05) respectively. While the concentrations of estrogen,  progesterone and testosterone in blood serum at out season (10.88±0.39, 0. 61±0.036, 0.063±0.042) respectively.The concentrations of estrogen,  progesterone and testosterone in follicular fluid at season (69.9±0.44, 28.46±0.82, 0.331±0.65) respectively. While  the concentrations of estrogen,  progesterone and testosterone in follicular fluid out season (there are no found ovarian follicles).      The present study a significantly higher (P< 0.05) in blood serum and follicular fluid  at  season than  that out season blood serum.

     Cloves (Syzyguim Aromaticum L.) represent very interesting plant that has been used for many medicinal purposes such as treatment of convulsions due to its potent antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-convulsant effect of aqueous extract of Syzyguim Aromaticum L. (cloves) at the doses (100,200,300 mg/kg), sodium valproate (200mg/kg) act as reference standard on serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) concentration and cholinesterase (ChE) activity in serum and brain, electrolytes (sodium Na+, potassium K+, chloride Cl- and total calcium Ca+2), glucose and total protein in serum of chicks after induction of seizures by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a plant used in traditional medicine as anticonvulsant. 72 chicks were recruited in this study were randomly divided into 6 groups of 12 each. Negative control received normal saline, positive control was given only PTZ, group III was given sodium valproate orally. The rest of three groups were given the extract at previous concentrations given through oral role. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of cloves revealed the presence of psychoactive compounds such as flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, tannins, and alkaloids. The present work suggest that the aqueous extract of  plant had increased level of T-AOC,GABA and ChE in serum of chicks, which were decreased due to the susceptibility to PTZ induced seizure, and decreased the concentration of Na+ and glucose in the serum. We reported that the cloves extract had quite low effect against PTZ induced seizure in spite of their positive effect on different biochemical parameters in serum; this may be due to the low concentration of doses used, which may be in adequate to produce obvious behavioral results.