Poultry is infected with many external parasites, chewing lice is the most important of those parasites. It attacks poultry, especially in rural and local free farms. The infection leads to many pathological effects, including stunted growth, decreased egg production, feather loss, and others. This study aimed to survey and diagnose the chewing lice parasitizing domestic chickens and pigeons during the period from November 2023 to October 2024 in Basra Governorate. A total of 240 chickens and 240 pigeons were examined. The results showed a recording of six species of chewing lice, three were parasitic on chickens: Macanthus stramineuse, Menacanthus cornutus, Menapon gallinae. There were also three species of parasites on pigeons: Campanulotes bidentatus, Hohorstiella lata. Columbicola columbae. The total prevalence in chickens was 45.42% and in pigeons 42.92%. Monthly infection percentages and its impact on environmental factors (temperature and humidity) were recorded. Samples of chewing lice species were calculated. Triple infection was the highest rate, was 57.79% in chickens and 60.19% in pigeons. The sites of infections in birds’ bodies were observed.

Chickens' general well-being and productivity depend heavily on their gut health. It describes how well the gastrointestinal system functions and the complex interactions it has with microbial communities. In order to optimize the chicken's digestive tract, this paper examines the importance of gut microbiota, highlighting the ways in which these microbes support performance, health, and resistance to disease. The intricate microbiome found in the gut is important for immunological response, digestion, and nutrient absorption. It is crucial to comprehend gut health since, even in the absence of obvious symptoms of illness, it can have a direct impact on hen performance. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, including by offering a well-balanced diet high in fiber, probiotics, and prebiotics. These elements encourage the development of advantageous bacteria, which enhances the hens' general health and performance. The chicken's digestive system depends on its gut flora. Poultry farmers can improve the well-being and output of their flocks by comprehending its function and putting prevention measures in place to keep the microbiota steady.

This study was conducted to examine uncooked meat samples collected from slaughtered animals from butchers' markets in Basra Governorate. During the period from June to August 2024, 75 samples were studied, including 50 samples of sheep meat and 25 samples of butchers' tools. Using sterile swaps, equivalent areas (2.5 CM) of meat surface or butchers' tools were rubbed evenly, and then the swaps were inoculated into a thioglycolate medium containing tubes. The cultures were transported to the lab and cultivated under anaerobic conditions for 48 hrs. at 37C using an anaerobic jar and gas bags. The presence of Clostridium perfringens bacteria was detected by microbial culture on CHROMagar and microscopic examination in addition to species-specific polymerase chain reaction using the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that C. perfringens was present in 15 total samples among the 75 samples studied (10 isolates from meat and 5 isolates from butchers' tools). Furthermore, PCR detected the cpa gene in all C. perfringens-positive samples, confirming that these isolates belong to type A of Clostridium perfringens. The results of this study indicate that the source of such contamination originates from poor sanitation of slaughterhouses and/or due to the disease of slaughtered animals. These findings necessitate imposing strict sanitation measures and public health awareness to limit C. perfringens meat contamination.

The present study aimed to identify the skin features of the local dog. After anesthesia, five adult dogs took the skin samples, and the wounds were sutured that form after collecting the sample and the samples were fixated with 10% formalin and Bouin's solution.(special stain )in the present study, the skin consists of two layers epidermis and dermis, the epidermis is composed of epithelial cell layers comprised of four different types of cells of various studied regions. while the dermis was composed of two layers that embedded the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and a few numbers of sweet and sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles. In conclusion, The skin is a large organ covering all body joints, underlying the muscles and bones. It is characterized by a few sebaceous and sweat glands.

This study evaluated the effects of treating eggs with varying concentrations of acetic acid (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) on internal and external egg quality traits. A total of 40 fresh chicken eggs were divided equally among the four treatment groups. Eggs were immersed in their respective acetic acid solutions for 10 minutes, followed by rinsing and air-drying. Quality parameters, including weight, external dimensions, shell thickness, and internal traits, were measured before and after treatment. External traits such as egg breadth showed significant differences (P<0.05), with higher values observed at 5% and 10% concentrations, while egg length and shell thickness remained unaffected. Internal traits such as yolk and albumin weights were significantly influenced (P<0.05), with optimal values noted at 10% concentration. Egg volume and surface area also increased significantly with acetic acid treatments, particularly at higher concentrations (10% and 15%), while the shape index remained stable. Density-related traits such as egg and yolk density peaked at 10% and 5%, respectively, reflecting enhanced structural integrity and nutrient retention. The shell weight per surface area was highest at 5% concentration, suggesting improved calcium deposition. Overall, acetic acid concentrations of 5%-10% demonstrated the most favorable effects on egg traits, indicating the potential for moderate acid treatments to enhance certain quality parameters without compromising structural integrity. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing acetic acid use in egg preservation and hatchery practices, warranting further research into extended exposure durations and alternative acids.

The purpose of the study was to investigated the histological effect dietary L-arginine supplementation at 0%, 5%, and 10% above National Research Council recommendations on the testes of 225 male Japanese quail from three genetic lines (white, Brown, and gray). The current study was conducted from December 6, 2022, to July 1, 2023, at the poultry farm of Kirkuk University's animal production department, College of Agriculture. Initially, the Directorate of Agricultural Research-Baghdad. Birds were divided by color into three groups and fed diets containing different arginine levels from age 30 to 90 days. Testes from selected birds were examined histologically after H&E staining. Results showed that 5% arginine (S2) induced significant spermatogenic activity in all groups, with the most notable effect in gray quail (thickened basement membranes, increased spermatogenesis, and fat infiltration). The Brown line showed moderate changes, while the white line exhibited only mild stimulation with no fat infiltration. At 10% arginine (S3), the gray line displayed severe histopathological changes, including basement membrane thickening, Sertoli cell disruption, fat infiltration, and signs of early lipoma formation. The Brown line exhibited signs of hyperplasia, while the white line showed enhanced spermatogenesis and sperm maturation with minimal adverse effects. In conclusion, gray quail were highly sensitive to arginine supplementation, Brown quail showed a moderate response, and white quail demonstrated increased spermatogenic activity with minimal histological damage.

The present study emphasizes the importance of in Ovo feeding strategies, particularly the supplementation of fertilized eggs with amino acids such as L-arginine to enhance the Bursa of Fabricius development. Targeted nutritional interventions during embryogenesis offer a promising approach to improving the overall health, productivity, and market value of poultry. The experiment was done in the college of agriculture - University of Sulaimani to study the effects of arginine on the bursal tissue of commercial and local Kurdish chickens. One hundred fertile eggs involved from the Ross-308 broiler breeder strain and one hundred fertile eggs from a local breed. The in ova inoculation treated included a control group without inoculation and three groups inoculation with 1%, 2%, and 3% Arginine solutions. The inoculations were carried out twice, on the 14th and 18th days of incubation. Four chicks at one-day age from each Treated group were euthanized, and their bursa of Fabricius was preserved for histological slide preparation. The study found that bursal follicular proliferation in Kurdish breeds showed significant improvements in lymphoid follicles and number compared to commercial breeds. The scoring system for bursal follicular proliferation was higher in the G4 (3% Arginine) Treated group. However, bursal sections from Fabricius bursa showed significant aggravation in follicle number, with G3 and G4 Treated groups scoring higher. Eggs inoculated with arginine showed significant follicular growth in both breeds.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a powerful statistical tool used to reduce the complexity of large datasets while preserving significant variations. In this study, PCA was applied to explore the morphological traits of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), specifically focusing on skull measurements to identify key components affecting skull weight. A total of 112 quails (64 males and 48 females) were measured for various skull features, which were then analyzed through PCA. The analysis extracted three principal components for both sexes, explaining 52.76% of the variance in males and 56.52% in females. Key features such as Cerebellar Prominentia and Paraoccipital Process were identified as significant contributors to skull morphology. PCA was correspondingly applied to the measurements of male and female Japanese Quails' skulls, in order to identify those components which may explain most of the variation in skull weight. In this respect, simplification of data by PCA may indicate which morphological features supply most to the observed variation in skull weight and, therefore, provide interesting insights into the avian skull morphology. The goal of this research will be helpful in the laying of clear understanding regarding the anatomical features highly influential for skull structure, and of high importance to evolutionary biology, studies of veterinary importance, and poultry breeding programs. These findings highlight the applicability of PCA in anatomical studies and provide a deeper understanding of avian skull morphology.

The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of the host Other probiotic administration has a larger impact on body immunity and increases anti-inflammatory cells and polarize the immune response towards the body immunity.In this study, we examine how regular administration of probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bacillus clause) to Lab mice will impact the innate immune response, including the total number of lymphoid cells on physiological parameters, and blood biochemical levels, and how these factors affect the potential outcome of experiments. Sixty female mice were used in this study seven days with a probiotics combination including Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bacillus clause ( 100 ul oral gavage ) blood samples were collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters the data revealed that there were no significant differences in the Hb and RBC values, however, the WBC count in peripheral blood and local lymph nodes of animals increased significantly after 7 days of treatment. Also, there is a significant change in ILC3 probiotic administration In the case of biochemical parameters of blood including ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea. These results revealed that there were no significant changes in these parameters in all experimental periods. the regular treatment of probiotics is one of the most important elements that may affect the general immune conditions of lab mice especially the WBCs and the innate immune responses.

This study aimed to assess the contamination of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio, a commonly consumed fish species, and evaluate the potential health risks for humans. The research analysed metal concentrations in different parts of the fish over several months, across various locations: Sirwan station, Darbandikhan dam, and Tanjaro River. The focus was on the dorsal part (below the dorsal fin) and the caudal region (caudal peduncle) of the fish from August 2021 to January 2022. Six heavy metals were investigated: Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb, using an ICP-OES (Spectro acros) multi-element system. The results revealed that metal concentrations were generally low in the dorsal flesh, with Hg often below the detection limit, especially in August, September, and October. Elevated Hg levels were detected only in November and January, likely due to minimal regional contamination, seasonal variations, and low bioaccumulation in carp. Cd levels were significantly higher in the dorsal part during August, September, and October. In August, Cd was elevated only in the caudal part. Pb was detected in August, September, and October, while Cu levels were significantly elevated in November across both flesh sections, with the highest concentrations observed in the Sirwan River. Co levels were elevated in October in both portions. Cr was undetectable across all months and locations. The study indicates varying heavy metal concentrations in Cyprinus carpio across different locations and months, with Cu being the highest in Sirwan River and Hg mostly undetectable.