The current study was carried out to demonstrate the ability of chicken liceMenacanthus stramineus to transmit Toxoplasma gondii by using PCR technique. Theblood was collected from the jugular vein of 85 chickens infested with ectoparasitesto investigate the existence of Toxoplasma gondii by latex agglutination test. Theresults showed that 42 (49.41%) of chicken were infected with lice, lice samples ofMenacanthus stramineus were collected from chickens infected with T.gondii forPCR investigation to confirm the presence of T.gondii in lice tissues and the resultswere revealed the presence of T. gondii B1 genein 18(42.85 %) samples.

Although sheep shearing is considered an important and a widely used process to cut offthe sheep’s wool, false wool shearing can cause serious problems by giving a chance to growbacteria. This study is aims to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the inflamedwounds after false wool shearing process and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Laurusnobilus extract against this bacteria. The results of bacterial growth showed that P. aeruginosaproduced characteristic colonies on nutrient agar with pigment pyocin and β- hemolysis on bloodagar and grew on MacConkey agar but did not ferment lactose sugar. In addition, the isolateswere positive for biofilm formation using polystyrene 96 well plate. Among 6 antibiotic agents,the highest resistance was found with novobiocin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline,respectively. Laurus nobilis extract had an antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Theresults of this study revealed that hot and cold alcoholic extracts of Laurus nobilis with MICs6.5 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 50mg/ml, respectively, were more effective than hot water extract.

The objective of the study was to examine the normal liver using ultrasound technique formeasuring liver thickness, portal and hepatic veins diameter in clinically normal cattle, furthermore todetermine some liver lesions. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the liver in 20 local cattle breeds ofdifferent ages 10 of them have exhibited clinical signs of chronic emaciation, icteric mucousmembranes and decrease in milk production moreover, the other 10 cows were clinically normal. Liverposition, diameter and texture were explored from the right side of the abdominal wall in standingposition, without anesthesia by using 3.5 MHz transducer, after hair moistening by alcohol. The largestliver thickness was measured at the 10 and 12 intercostal space and it was decreased gradually forward.Normal liver has an echogenic appearance of equally distributed white dots and had a uniform mildechogenicity, there were an anechoic round and tubular vascular structures, representing hepatic andportal veins while abnormal liver has multi-hypoechoic circles. It has been concluded that, Sonographyof normal liver can be utilized as a good diagnostic references in animals with liver diseases.

This study was carried out in animal house of Collage of VeterinaryMedicine/ University of Basrah. An attempt has been done to induce diabetic bystreptozotocin in male rabbits and investigation of the diabetes was induced oxidativestress and retina degeneration. Moreover, the purpose of this study was to isolate andevaluate the ameliorating effect of flavonoid extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves andglimephan in the prophylaxes or delay the development of diabetic retinadegeneration and scavenging free radical induced oxidative stress and diabetic retinadegeneration in male rabbits.The study was done on (32) adult male rabbits, theirweight ranged between (2000-2500g) and aged between 7-8 months. The malerabbits were divided randomly into four groups, each group consists of eight rabbitsas the following:Group1:- Male rabbits at (Negative controls(-ve)) administrated normal saline1mlorally for 30 days.Group2:- Male rabbits at(Positive control(+ve)) were given streptozotocin(65mg/kg B.W. dissolve in sodium citrate I.V.) for two days and remain for 30 days Group3:- Male rabbits were given streptozotocin( 65mg/kg B.W. dissolve insodium citrate I.V.) for two days, then treated with flavonoid extract of Ginkgo bilobaleave (500mg/kg B.W. orally administration) for 30days.Group4:- Male rabbits were given streptozotocin (65mg/kg B.W. dissolve insodium citrate I.V.) for two days, then treated with glimphan drug (0.1mg/kg orallyadministration) for 30 days.At the end of the experimental period, the blood samples were collected from heartby cardiac puncture for isolated serum and analysis biochemical parameters such asglucose, insulin, malonaldehyd (MDA),Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) concentrations and lipid profile. The results revealed a significant(P≤0.05) decrease of body weight, body weight gain and HDL concentrations inserum diabetic rabbits control(+ve) compared with control(-ve) while the resultsshowed a significant (P≤0.05) increase the glucose, insulin cholesterolLDL,VLDL,MDA and GPx concentrations in serum diabetic male rabbitscontrol(+ve) compared with control(-ve). The results obtained a significant decrease(P≤0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, SOD and HDL concentrations in serumdiabetic male rabbits control(+ve). While male rabbits treated with flavonoid extractof Ginkgo biloba the results observed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in body weightand body weight gain compared with control(+ve). Whereas the results wererevealed a significant(P≤0.05)decrease of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, LDL,VLDL.MDA and GPx concentration rabbits treated with flavonoid extract of Ginkgo bilobaleave compared with control(+ve) and glimephan also in addition, this extractimproved the retina degeneration.Histological examination observed manypathological changes in pancreas and retina in diabetic group but in treated withflavonoid extract of Ginkgo biloba, the histological changes were near to the normalstatus. It is concluded that good anti-diabetic activity, hypoglycemia effect andregeneration of retina. Based on these results, we suggested the possible utilization ofGinkgo biloba as a therapy to prevent diabetic complication and improved the retinadegeneration compared with another treated such as glimephan drugs.

This study was conducted to clarify the anatomical features of nasal cavity and larynx in Common Moorhen (Gallinula Chloropus)Birds. Five healthy birds were employed for anatomical study. The head of the birds were section sagittaly and transversely in a rostro-caudal succession, the nasal cavity was formed rostrally by the nostrils which were two holes, slit-like in shape located laterally at the upper part of the beak, the nasal cavity possess two conchae (rostal and middle),the rostral nasal conchae located opposite to the nostrils The larynx of birds showed as a triangular shaped - mound in the caudal part of the oropharyngeal cavity. It formed by the single (cricoids and procricoid) cartilages and paired arytenoid cartilages.

The present work aims to study the morpho-histological and histochemical structure ofgall bladder in white – eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) in college of veterinary medicine atuniversity of Basrah. Fifteen samples of adult healthy males were used, which divided in tothree groups. Each group include (5) male used for this study. Tissue sections stained withH&E, Mallory’s, PAS, Verhoeffs and Toluidine- blue. The result indicated that the gallbladder was appear to have blind ovoid- shaped with green color and situated in the middleventral surface of the right lobe of the liver. The histological examination revealed that itconsists of three layers (tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia)

The project of research was carrying out to study the effect of N-acetylcysteine on thewounds which developed in the stomach after gastrotomy. Dogs were used in this study asexperimental animals. Dogs were divided into two groups' treatment and control; each groupcontains 5 animals. The surgical incision was closed by two layers of sutures using absorbentsutures then closed the muscle and skin using traditional steps. The treatment group was treatedusing 3% of N-acetylcysteine fluid topically on site of operation, as well as N-acetylcysteine(140 mg/kg/ day) was administrated orally for 7 days. Gross examination and clinical signswere recorded after 7 days of operation. Blood samples were collected before the surgery and 7days after the surgery for complete blood studies on blood samples in both groups.Additionally, tissue samples were taken from operation areas to study the histological change.Results of this study show that the healing of treated groups with N-acetylcysteine wasdisappeared after 3 days while in control groups the healing sings continued until 7 days aftersurgery. The mucous membranes in the group treated with N-acetylcysteine were healthiercomparative to the control group after 7 days of operation. Openings of the surgical area in thecontrol group suffered from adhesions led to hemorrhage during their separation while in thetreated group there were no adhesions. Blood analysis and liver enzymes tests showed anabsence of inflammation and regularity of all liver enzymes in the treated group. Finally, the treated groups showed the normal arrangement of tissue layers and no adhesion or increasing incollagen fibers.

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolic byproducts that can contaminate animal feedand human food. To investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in poultry feed inSulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq, 173 samples of feed (n =150) and feed ingredients(n = 23) were collected from 49 poultry farms and feed mills. The samples wereanalyzed to quantitatively determine the existence of five mycotoxins, namelyaflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2, and zearalenone, using specific kits. All thetested samples contained ochratoxin at concentrations ranging between 1.0 and 6.0μg/kg and averaging 3.4 ± 0.1 μg/kg. About 94.8% of the feed and feed ingredientsamples contained a minimum of four mycotoxins in different concentrations. Thereis a need to understand the cumulative toxic effects better when several mycotoxinsoccur in animal feed, which may result in issuing new regulations about the maximumallowed concentrations of mycotoxins in feedstuff.

Prostate cancer is a complex disease in which both genetic and environmental influencesled to the development and growth of tumors. at the recent time, is considered the second mostcommon malignancy after lung cancer in men and the sixth leading cause of cancer – relateddeath worldwide.Sixty-seven blood samples of prostate cancer patients collected from Basrahoncology and Hematology center aging between (45-90). On the other hand, seventy bloodsamples of men without cancer were collected as control group aging between (45-90). Two mlof peripheral blood were drawn by sterilized syringe from the two groups than kept in the EDTAtube for DNA extraction for molecular study (not included). Both study groups have answeredquestions about personal information such as age, address, cigarette smoking, occupation, andfamily history.The present study found evidence that the aging was a significant risk factor fordeveloping prostate cancer, as well as family history increased the risk of disease abouteighteenfold (OR=18.8).Type of work people do related to the development of prostate cancer,free business increase the risk about eightfold (OR=8.18), and military increase the risk for fold(OR=4.09) while men deal with chemical material increase the risk about threefold (OR=2.5).In our study, the place of living was divided into three regions (South, North, and the center ofBasra) the risk of disease increases about threefold for both South and North of Basra comparewith the Centre of Basra. Cigarette smoking also increases the risk of twofold compare with nonsmokers

Bacterial mastitis is one of the most important diseases in high-production dairy cowswhich causing high economic losses however it effect on the dairy industry, resulting in thedecline Dairy industry and quality, furthermore the cost of treatment. The annual losses dueto mastitis are approximately 184 U.S $ for each animal. Usually during milking, infectiousmicroorganisms are the major source of infection between healthy and infected udderquarters. Environmental pathogens are found in the enclosing area of the cow, such as thebedding of housing cows, soil and the waste product of the animals which containStreptococcal strains other than S. agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcusfaecium and coliforms. Bacteria which involved in the udder inflammation process showhigh resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review article was to establish the bacterialcauses of clinical and subclinical mastitis in Iraq, and recognize its sensitivity to antibiotics,then find proper solutions for the treatment and control of mastitis.