The present study was to evaluate the influence of supplementation of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis (3x108 UFC/g), Aspergillus oryzae (4x106 UFC/g) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2x108 UFC/g) on the intestinal morphology of Japanese quail. 400 chicks were used in place until 35 days of age, in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments: control and probiotic, 3 replicates/treatment. At 07, 21, 35 days old were collected fragments of the duodenum of birds to obtain the following parameters height of villi, depth of crypts, number of goblet cells; relationship villus/crypt. The probiotic in addition to the diet resulted in parameter crypt depth of the interaction effect (probiotic / day) at 35 days of age, showing lower value. For height of villi and number of goblet cells no effect of the additive, only the linear effect (time). In the ratio villus/crypt significance is not obtained for the treatments tested only quadratic effect due to time. | O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da suplementação de probiótico(Bacillus subtilis (3x10 8 UFC/g), Aspergillus orizae (4x106 FC/g) e Saccharomyces cerevisae (2x108 UFC/g) sobre a morfologia intestinal de codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 400 pintainhas, criadas até 35 dias de idade, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos: controle e probiótico, três repetições/tratamento. Aos sete, 21 e 35 dias de idade foram coletados fragmentos do duodeno das aves para obtenção dos seguintes parâmetros: altura de vilos; profundidade de criptas; número de células caliciformes, e relação vilo/cripta. O probiótico, quando adicionado à dieta, causou no parâmetro profundidade de cripta efeito de interação (probiótico/dia) aos 35 dias de idade, apresentando menor valor. Para altura de vilos e número de células caliciformes, não houve efeito do aditivo, apenas efeito linear (do tempo). Quanto à relação vilo/cripta, não se obteve significancia para os tratamentos testados, apenas efeito quadrático em função do tempo.

<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>This research was carried out to evaluate the development of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in broilers from 1 to 21 days. Four hundred forty day-old male chickens, from broiler breeders aged 60-62 weeks, were randomly distributed in a 3x3+2 factorial arrangement, resulting in 11 treatments with four replicates of 10 birds each. The factors evaluated <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">were: bird strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500, and Hybro), levels and sources of vitamin D (1250UI D</span></p></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg without 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">; <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">1250UI D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg with 69mg 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton, and 3000UI D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg with 69mg 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton), and two control treatments <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">containing calcium and phosphorus levels with 3000UI D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg without 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">and 3000UI D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg with 69mg 25-<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">(OH)D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton of feed. Bone characteristics were evaluated. From 1 to 21 days, the results showed that bone calcium and phosphorus concentrations were not influenced by the treatments, however, feed intake was higher for factorial than control treatments. Bone breaking resistance was not influenced by the treatments and there were no typical lesions of TD. In conclusion, it was not observed TD development in broilers from 1 to 21 days according to experimental procedures of this research. </span></span> | <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da discondroplasia tibial (DT) em frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias. Foram utilizados 440 pintinhos machos de um dia, provenientes de matrizes com 60 a 62 semanas de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial 3x3+2, resultando em 11 tratamentos com quatro repetições de 10 aves cada. Os fatores estudados foram: linhagem da ave (Ross 308, Cobb 500 e Hybro), níveis <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">e fontes de vitamina D (1250UI D</span></p></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg sem 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">; 1250UI D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton e 3000UI D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg com <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">69mg 25-(OH)D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton) e dois tratamentos controles com níveis de cálcio e fósforo com 3000UI D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg sem 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">e 3000UI D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">/ton de ração. Foram avaliadas características ósseas. No período de 1 a 21 dias, os resultados indicaram que as concentrações de cálcio e fósforo nas tíbias não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos e que o consumo de ração foi superior para os tratamentos que compõem o fatorial. A resistência óssea também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos e a análise histológica não evidenciou lesões características de DT. Conclui-se que, nas condições experimentais da presente pesquisa, o desenvolvimento de DT não foi observado.</span></span>

<p>Coccidiosis is one of the most common parasitic diseases in dogs and cats in all the world. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of this parasitosis in dog and cat population at the Municipality of Andradina in the State of São Paulo, from 2007 to 2009. Fecal samples from 97 cats and 93 dogs were analyzed by using the techniques of flotation in saturated sodium chloride and spontaneous sedimentation. The species were classified according to morphology of the oocysts. <em>Cystoisospora </em>fecal oocyst found in 71.1% (69/97) of the cats, and simple infection by <em>C. rivolta </em>and <em>C.felis </em>occurred respectively in 41.0% (16/39) and 20.5% (8/39) animals, with P ≥ 0.2319. In 39.7%(37/93) of the dogs was found positive for <em>Cystoisospora </em>spp. And the species <em>C. canis </em>identified in the largest proportion (63.9%) with P = 0.0005. From the results, we conclude that dogs and cats had high incidence of infection <em>Cystoisospora</em>, being <em>C. canis </em>and <em>C. rivolta </em>most observed species, respectively.</p> | <p>A coccidiose é uma das mais frequentes enfermidades parasitárias em pequenos animais em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência da infecção por <em>Cystoisospora </em>em cães e gatos no Município de Andradina, São Paulo. Durante os anos de 2007 a 2009, amostras fecais de 97 gatos e 93 cães foram processadas por meio das técnicas de flutuação em solução saturada de cloreto de sódio e sedimentação espontânea. As espécies foram identificadas por morfometria dos oocistos. Oocistos fecais de <em>Cystoisospora </em>foram encontrados em 71,1% (69/97) dos gatos, sendo que infecção simples por <em>C. rivolta</em>ou por <em>C. felis </em>ocorreu, respectivamente, em 41,0% (16/39) e em 20,5% (8/39) dos animais, com P≥0,2319. Em 39,7% (37/93) dos cães foi detectada positividade para <em>Cystoisospora </em>spp., sendo a espécie <em>C. canis </em>identificada na maior proporção (63,9%) com P=0,0005. A partir dos resultados obtidos, nós concluímos que cães e gatos tiveram elevada ocorrência de infecção por <em>Cystoisospora</em>, sendo <em>C. canis </em>e <em>C. rivolta </em>as espécies mais observadas, respectivamente.</p>

<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>As células mononucleares da medula óssea têm sido utilizadas em diversas afecções na tentativa de regeneração tecidual. (O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a adesão das células mononucleares sobre defeito crítico, com a adição do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e / ou TGF-β1 (Fator de crescimento transformador Beta 1), e, por fim, verificar o reparo ósseo dos sítios defeituosos dos fêmures dos ratos. Foi criado um defeito bilateral critico nos fêmures de 33 Wistar-Kyoto ratos. Células mononucleares de medula óssea, TGF-β e PRP foram adicionadas no lado tratado da lesão e soro fisiológico no lado contralateral. Determinou-se a adesão de células mononucleares sobre o defeito crítico e reparo ósseo. A presença e consequente adesão das células mononucleares administradas nos animais tratados não foi evidenciada através da técnica de PCR. As análises radiológicas evidenciam fechamento da lesão, porém, nós não podemos afirmar que foi pelos tratamentos administrados ou pela própria regeneração óssea, quando analisadas em seis e 10 semanas pós-operatórias, haja visto não apresentarem diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: a) As células mononucleares não aderiram ao defeito crítico criado no fêmur do rato; b) Não foi possível avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos propostos para o reparo ósseo, por não apresentarem diferenças significativas entre os grupos.</p></span></span> | <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>Mononuclear cells from bone marrow have been used in various treatments of diseases in an attempt to regenerate tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accession and proliferation of mononuclear cells in a critical defect, with the addition of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and / or TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1), and then to evaluate bone repair at defective sites on the femurs of rats. We created a critical defect on the bilateral femurs of 33 Wistar-Kyoto rats. Mononuclear bone marrow cells, TGF-β and PRP were added to the lesion on the treated side and saline on the contralateral side. We determined the adhesion of mononuclear cells at the critical defect and bone repair. The presence and consequent adhesion of the mononuclear cells administered to the treated animals was not demonstrated by PCR. Radiographic analysis showed closure of the lesion, but we could not affirm that this resulted from the treatments administered or by normal bone regeneration itself, when the lesion was evaluated at 6 and 10 weeks postoperative, seeing that there were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: a)Bone marrow mononuclear cells did not adhere at the critical defect created in the rat femur; b) It was not possible to determine the efficiency of the bone repair treatments studied, as the results did not show significant differences between the groups.</p></span></span>

<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p> </p></span><p> </p><p>A suspensão de ratos pela cauda é modelo utilizado para investigar o comportamento ósseo em animais impossibilitados de se locomoverem. O osso é um tecido adaptativo que se desenvolve em sua estrutura e função, entre outros fatores, em resposta a forças mecânicas aplicadas a ele e demandas metabólicas que venha sofrer. A ausência de forças mecânicas e de deformação óssea faz com que ocorra uma diminuição na deposição de cálcio por ausência de estímulos nos osteoblastos e osteócitos, favorecendo a ação dos osteoclastos, tornando o osso enfraquecido e quebradiço. Portanto, a ação mecânica é necessária para estimular a resposta óssea local e, assim, proporcionar seu crescimento e remodelamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da densitometria radiográfica, se a suspensão pela cauda por 15 e 36 dias altera a densidade mineral óssea das vértebras cervical (C3), torácica (T6) e lombares (L1 e L3) de ratos Wistar. Trinta <em>Rattus norvegicus albinus, </em>adultos, machos, linhagem Wistar, massa corpórea média de ± 350g, foram divididos em 3 grupos: controle (n=10) <em>– </em>não suspenso; S15 (n=10) - suspenso por 15 dias e S36 (n=10) - suspenso por 36 dias. Para análise densitométrica, as vértebras foram radiografadas, escaneadas, digitalizadas e analisadas pelo programa computacional ImageJ®. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante da densidade mineral óssea no grupo S15, provavelmente pela inquietação dos animais à suspensão, com diminuição no grupo S36, fato este hipoteticamente ligado à acomodação dos mesmos, concluindo que a suspensão pela cauda alterou a densidade mineral óssea num primeiro momento com diminuição com o passar do tempo.</p> | <p>The suspension of rats by the tail model is used to investigate the behavior of bone in animals unable to move around. Bone is an adaptative tissue that develops in structure and function, among other factors, in response to mechanical forces applied to it and metabolic demands that it will suffer. The absence of mechanical forces and deformation of bone that occurs causes a decrease in calcium deposition in the absence of stimuli on osteoblasts and osteocytes, favoring the action of osteoclasts, making bones weak and brittle. Therefore, the mechanical action is necessary to stimulate local bone response and thus provide growth and remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluable by radiographic densitometry, the tail suspension for 15 and 36 days alter the bone mineral density of cervical vertebrae (C3), thoracic (T6) and lumbar (L1 and L3) of Wistar rats. Thirty <em>Rattus norvegicus albinus</em>, adult, male, Wistar strain, average body mass ± 350g, were divided into 3 groups: control (n = 10) - not suspended; S15 (n = 10) - suspended for 15 days and S36 (n = 10) - suspended for 36 days. For densitometric analysis vertebrae were radiographed, scanned, digitized and analyzed by the computer program ImageJ®. There was a statistically significant increase in bone mineral density in group S15, probably by the restlessness of the animals to the suspension, with a decrease in group S36, and this hypothetically is linked to the accommodation of the rats, concluding that the tail suspension altered bone mineral density in first time with a decrease over time.</p>

<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p> </p></span><p>Descreve-se um ensaio de duplex RT-PCR assay para a detecção simultânea do vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV) e do metapneumovirus aviário (aMPV), agentes etiológicos de doenças de elevada importância em avicultura. A duplex RT-PCR otimizada mostrou um limiar de detecção de 10-3 (101 EID50/50m L para IBV e 100.5 EID50/50m L para aMPV, respectivamente, quando da combinação dos dois vírus e 10-1 para cada um dos vírus em separado(103 EID50/50m L para IBV e 102.5 EID50/50m L para aMPV, respectivamente. O ensaio foi demonstrado como específico, sensível e aplicável à rápida detecção destes vírus em amostras clínicas.</p><p> </p> | <p>A duplex RT-PCR assay is reported for the simultaneous detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), the causative agents of major diseases in poultry. The duplex RT-PCR assay optimized showed a detection limit of 10-3 (101 EID50/50m L for IBV and 100.5 EID50/50m L for aMPV, respectively when two viruses were mixed and 10-1 for each one separated (103 EID50/50m L for IBV and 102.5 EID50/50m L for aMPV, respectively. It was specific, sensitive and applicable for the rapid detection of these viruses in clinical samples.</p><p> </p>

<p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um surto de mastite bovina causada por leveduras em um rebanho leiteiro localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Análises microbiológicas de amostras de leite (106) dos quartos mamários infectados de vacas em lactação demonstraram que <em>Corynebacterium bovis </em>(43,48%) e leveduras do gênero <em>Candida </em>(29,35%) foram os principais agentes isolados no rebanho. <em>C. albicans </em>(33,34%), <em>C. catenulata </em>(22,23%) e <em>C. glabrata </em>(18,52%) foram as espécies mais comumente isoladas. A elevada prevalência da mastite por leveduras foi associada à falta de treinamento dos ordenhadores, ao tratamento intramamário repetitivo e a falhas na higienização de tetas antes da infusão intramamária. Medidas adequadas de manejo, tratamento específico com drogas antifúngicas e descarte de animais cronicamente infectados foram eficazes para o controle do surto.</p> | <span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p> </p></span><p>This study aimed to describe an outbreak of bovine mastitis caused by yeast in a dairy herd located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Microbiological analysis of milk samples (106) of the infected mammary quarters of lactating cows showed that <em>Corynebacterium bovis </em>(43.48%) and yeasts from the genus <em>Candida </em>(29.35%) were the main agents isolated in the herd. <em>C. albicans</em>(33.34%), <em>C. catenulate </em>(22.23%) and <em>C. glabrata </em>(18.52%) were the species most commonly isolated. The high prevalence of yeast mastitis was associated with lack of training formilkers, repetitive intramammary treatment and poor teat hygiene prior to the intramammary infusion. Appropriate management measures, specific treatment with antifungal drugs and  removal of chronically infected animals were effective for the control of mastitis outbreak.</p><p> </p>

The KHV free carp were experimentally infected with CyHV-3 suspension by immersion at temperatures of 18ºC±1 and 25ºC±1. Skin, brain, gills, liver, spleen, kidneys, and leukocytes were investigated for the presence of KHV DNA, and sera for the presence of antibodies against the virus. Similar investigations were performed with non-infected carp, designed as control groups. The results of KHV DNA detection in the infected carp kept at 25ºC ±1 were compared with the results of the virus isolation onto common carp brain cells using leukocyte co-cultivation method and results of specific antibody detection. The appearance of specific antibodies at various time intervals after detecting the clinical symptoms of KHVD in naturally infected carp was additionally studied. At 18°C water temperature, KHV DNA was not detected up to the 6th d post infection (dpi). Then it was found in samples from skin, gill, liver, spleen, and kidneys and much later from the brain. At 25°C water temperature, KHV DNA was already detected on the 3rd dpi in samples from skin and gills, and from the 5th dpi it was found in all examined internal organs, except the brain where it was found at 6th dpi. At 25°C, isolations of CyHV-3 have succeeded between the 7th and 11th dpi. The first specific antibodies were found no sooner than on the 21st dpi. The serological examination performed in naturally infected carp in 15 carp pond farms showed that first specific antiviral antibodies can be detected 2 weeks after the appearance of clinical symptoms of KHVD.