An identified local virulent Egyptian strain of turkey pox virus (TPV) was attenuated on specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) for production of specific turkey pox vaccine. Forty serial passages of the virus were applied on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of SPF ECE, so titration of the serial passages were undergone in which the highest titres (107.0, 107.1 and 107.1 EID50/ml) were recorded for the passages 30, 35 and 40, respectively. The pathogenicity of the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th passages were tested by inoculation in susceptible turkeys. The passage of 30th and 40th passages produced the most acceptable post vaccinal reaction (pvr) beside giving the highest virus titre of the attenuated passages. The selected field dose which gave only takes (swelling of the skin) at the site of injection in susceptible turkeys and withstood challenge with the virulent turkey pox virus one month later was 104.0 EID50/ml. The prepared vaccine tested for sterility, safety and potency tests and proved to be potent for the vaccinated turkeys which resisted the challenge for 9 months post vaccination. Antibody levels in the serum of vaccinated turkeys were estimated by serum neutralization test, where neutralizing antibodies expressed as neutralizing index were appeared from the 1st week (1.0 NI) and reached its peak on the 3rd week (2.2 NI) post vaccination

Cellulitis is a serious problem for the poultry industry because of increased condemnations, carcass downgrading at processing, and higher labor costs to process affected flocks. In the present study, the prevalence of cellulitis was studied in 240 broiler chickens. The correlation between cellulitis and other systemic lesions of the same bird was investigated also. Moreover, identification of the causative bacterial agents was conducted focusing on E. coli and Salmonella isolates. The prevalence rate of cellulitis in examined broiler chickens was 38.3%. Cellulitis without systemic lesion was observed in 14.2% of birds while 24.2% of birds had cellulitis associated with other systemic lesions in the internal organs while hepatitis was the most frequent. The bacteriological examination revealed that of 253 samples collected, a total of 157 bacterial isolates were recovered (62.1%). Among the recovered isolates, E. coli was the most prevalent (126 isolates; 80.3%) as well as 4 Salmonella species (2.5%), 9 Proteus species (5.7%), 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%), 3 Enterobacter species (1.9%) and 8 Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%). Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed that O125 was the most prevalent; 32%, followed by serogroups O158, O55, O78 as 24%, 12%, 10%, respectively, then both O1 and O8; 6% for each, and finally O15; 4%. Antibiogram of E. coli isolates showed a high sensitivity against enrofloxacin only (81%) while they were moderately sensitive to apramycin (65.9%) and colistin sulphate (61.9%) as well as ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime sodium (56.3% and 55.6%, respectively). On the other hand, high moderate degrees of resistances were observed against the other antimicrobials. Salmonella isolates showed complete sensitivities to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin while they were completely resistant to most of antimicrbials.

This study was done to evaluate susceptibility, protective titer level of maternal derived antibodies(MDAbs) of different chicken breed against virulent Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) local isolate Fy97 and prediction the optimal time for vacction. All breeds were experimentally infected orally with IBDV isolate Fy97 every 5 days following detection of MDAbs by ELISA. Clinical signs, mortality, lesions and Bursal Histopathology and lesion score were taken as criteria for comparison. Morbidity rates were observed as ≥ 30% in Fayoumi and Dandrawi infected at 15 days of age and in Senawi and Baladi and Lohmann at 20 days of age All breeds showed clinical sings of infection at 30-35 days of age where Senawi breed showed the highest values (65and 70%) followed by Fayoumi (55 and 55%), Dandrawi (50%), Baladi (55-45%) and Lohmann (50-45%). Mortality rates due to IBD infection varied from 0 to 35% in respective to age, in Fayoumi and Lohmann breeds where maximum 35 and 40% occurred at 30 day of age; respectively .Mortality in Dandrawi and Senawi varied from 5 to 40% and pass in close manner at all intervals with the highest value at 30 days of age while Baladi chicks showed same values but lower only at 20 and 25 days. Mean lesion scores in Fayoumi were the lowest at all intervals followed by Lohmann, Senawi, Baladi and Dandrawi. Results of ELISA titers at time of infection showed that Senawi chicks having the highest titers followed by Lohmann, Baladi, Dandrawi and Fayoumi at most intervals. So it necessitates more clarification of the causes of these phenomena and the role of genetics in protection against IBDV infection.

This study contains evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of hospital acquired infections. Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity and provide challenge to clinicians. Measures of infection control included identifying patients at risk of nosocomial infections. Antiseptics and disinfectants are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. In particular, they are an essential part of infection control practices and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. This study investigated the nosocomial infection via isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens, the effect of detergents against isolated bacteria, and describes the histopathological tissue changes induced by the isolated bacteria in vivo study. Some bacteria resistant to disinfectants were prevalent and these bacteria had different effects on the human, Different pathological changes were seen experimentally by inoculation of these bacteria in mice.

Bovine tuberculosis; caused by Mycobacterium bovis,is a zoonotic diseasecausing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat.Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation ofM. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

The effect of 10 times (10x) overdose of enrofloxacin was studied in broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty chicks were classified in 3 equal groups. The first group received normal theurapeutic dose of enrofloxacin (1x) in drinking water for the first 5 consecutive days of age and repeated again at 24th -28th day of age. The second group received 10x (overdose) at the same ages. The third group was left non-medicated as a control group. Blood samples were taken on the 6th, 14th, 29th and 34th day of age for different laboratory tests. Enrofloxacin at 10x caused a decrease in the value of the following parameters: HI antibody titers to NDV vaccine at the 14th and the 34th day of age, serum albumin at the 10th day of age, hemoglobin at the 29th and the 34th day, lymphocytic count and IBDV ELISA titers at 29th day of age, uric acid at 29th day, phagocytic activity at 34th day, Lactobacillus spp. count in duodenum, feed conversion efficiency and body weight gain. The 10x (overdose) increased serum urea and creatinine at 29th day of age, serum AST and ALT at 29th and 34th day of age, and heterophilic count. Histopathological degeneration in liver, spleen, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius and thymus were demonstrated by 10x (overdose) of enrofloxacin. Challenge with vNDV caused 66.6% mortality in birds received the 10x (overdose) compared with 33.3% in the vaccinated non treated control group.

This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Brucella melitensis Rev.1 and the use of BCG vaccine as immunostimulant by subcutaneous injection in Guinea pigs. Lab. animals were divided into 8 groups: Combined Rev.1 and BCG vaccines injected in the1st group & both vaccines were injected simultaneously in the 2nd group. Three groups sensitized with BCG vaccine then injected with Rev.1 vaccine one week, two week & three weeks intervals respectively. Other two groups were injected with BCG and Rev.1 vaccine individually. The last one was unvaccinated control. All injected animals showed resistance to infection with 16 M strain (90 %, 80 %, 80, 60 %, 70 %, 0 % and 70 % respectively).Thus animals vaccinated with bivalent Rev.1 and BCG vaccines (in one shot) showed the best protective level to infection

The efficacy of four infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines including intermediate (D78) and intermediate plus (228E, IBD-Blen and Bursa-Vac+) were compared in priming vaccination of 10 days commercial old male layer chicks. There were different parameters were measured for testing these vaccines including; the immunogenic efficacy, the effect on performance, organ (bursa, spleen, and proventriculus) body weight index as well as histopathological examination of bursa, spleen, proventriculus and thymus. Chick was received a dose of 102 EID50 from one IBDV vaccine out of 228E, IBD-Blen or Bursa-Vac+, while D78 dose was 104 EID50. The results cleared out that all the tested vaccines passed through the maternal derived antibodies 2480.133 + 156.3. All vaccines stimulate antibody formation as measured by ELISA test. The used vaccines not affect markedly body weight and feed intake, as there were no significant differences between the control group and the vaccinated ones in the mean body weight and the feed conversion rate. Furthermore, the bursa: body weight index of vaccinated groups were generally less than those of control one at all intervals, while the spleen and proventriculus: spleen: body weight index of vaccinated groups was higher than control on at the end of the observation period. The used vaccines induced histopathological changes in bursa, spleen , proventriculus and thymus glands. These results indicated that all tested vaccine are of value in vaccination of commercial chicks from vaccinated breeders

The objective of this work was to estimate the lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) levels in drinking water, layer feed and muscle samples were collected during winter season from two layer farms which present at two different areas, non industrial area (Integrated poultry project in El-Azab) and industrial area (Kom Oshim) in Tamia district in El-Fayoum province, Egypt. All samples will be analyzed to determine the translocations of heavy metals from water and feed to the bird's muscle. The results explained that the mean metal concentrations in the different samples of selected poultry farms are Pb (1.1034±0.097, 1.173±0.129), (2.891±0.194, 3.182±0.28) and (0.071±0.03, 0.099±0.0396 ppm). Cd (0.419±0.004, 0.389±0.017), (0.508±0.017, 0.5854±0.003) and (0.005±0.0013, 0.0125±0.003 ppm). Cu (5.9±2.1, 0.8596±0.054), (9.15±1.202, 14.75±0.417) and (0.0442±0.0075, 0.03032±0.004 ppm). Zn (14.50±1.285, 13.628±1.053), (57.605±3.06, 58.319±0.73) and (0.0668±0.018, 0.016±0.00498 ppm). Fe (171.011±79.6, 186.74±72.65), (153.58±15.3, 124.12±3.26) and (0.013±0.008 ppm, ND). And Mn (3.187±1.539, 1.398±0.768), (84.98±5.676, 85.884±1.07) and (0.0056±0.0037ppm, ND) for muscle, layer feeds and drinking water which were collected from non industrial area and industrial area in ElFayoum province, Egypt, respectively. These data indicated that Pb and Cd in muscle, layer feeds and drinking water collected from industrial area were higher than that collected from non industrial area. Also these metals residual concentrations particularly in layer muscle and drinking water were more than the permissible limits.

The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three natural food supplements (water hyacinth [Eichhorniacrassipes, ''EC''], Yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ''S. cerevisiae''] and date seeds) on the reproductive and productive activities in male rats. Thus, 40 male albino rats were used and divided equally into 4 groups; Control group (fed normal basal diet), EC supplemented group (400 mg EC / kg body weight), S. cerevisiae supplemented group (120 mg / kg body weight) and date seed supplemented group (0.2 mg / kg body weight). Two months later, all rats were sacrificed and all samples were collected. Results revealed that date seeds supplementation increased significantly the body weight gain. Moreover, date seeds and S. cerevisiae supplementation increased significantly gonadosomatic index, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity TAC and all studied reproductive parameters P 0.05 as well as it decreased serum level of malondialdehyde ''MDA''. On the other side, EC supplementation reduced significantly the studied reproductive parameters as well as it decreased the serum level of TAC and increased the level of MDA. Histopathologicaly, seminiferous tubules appeared with huge amount of spermatids in date seeds group and with moderate number of spermatids in S. cerevisiae group and with few number of spermatids in EC group. Therefore, the present study highly recommends the usage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as date seeds to minimize the ration costs, get the optimal benefit from the natural components of both supplements as well as to induce a higher productive and reproductive performance among animals.