Objective: This study aims at investigating the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (common name: Green tea) and Azadirachta indica (common name: Neem) leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were processed and extracted by 99% ethanol and recon¬stituted with 50% ethanol before testing. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. Nutrient agar plate was used to estimate the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Maximum ZDI value was observed for green tea against MRSA (7.5 mm) and minimum for neem (4.9 mm). Moreover, the highest ZDI against STEC was also for green tea and the com¬bination of green tea and neem (4.5 mm). The MIC values of green tea extract were 15.625 and 31.25 mg/ml against MRSA and STEC, respectively, whereas the MIC of neem was 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively. The combination had similar MIC (46.87 mg/ml) against both organ¬isms. Green tea showed the lowest MBC values, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/ml, against MRSA and STEC, respectively. However, MBC of neem and the combination against MRSA and STEC were found >250 mg/ml, >500 mg/ml and 93.75 mg/ml, >375 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Green tea and neem leaves showed good antimicrobial effects and can be used to explore novel antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and STEC. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 247-252]

Meat-based food such as meatball and sausages are important sources of protein needed for the human body. Due to different prices, some unethical producers try to adulterate high-price meat such as beef with lower priced meat like pork and rat meat to gain economical profits, therefore, reliable and fast analytical techniques should be developed, validated, and applied for meat traceability and authenticity. Some instrumental techniques have been applied for the detection of meat adulteration, mainly relied on DNA and protein using polymerase chain reaction and chromatographic methods, respectively. But, this method is time-consuming, needs a sophisticated instrument, involves complex sample preparation which make the method is not suitable for routine analysis. As a consequence, a simpler method based on spectroscopic principles should be continuously developed. Food samples are sometimes complex which resulted in complex chemical responses. Fortunately, a statistical method called with chemometrics could solve the problems related to complex chemical data. This mini-review highlights the application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with numerous chemometrics techniques for authenticity and traceability of meat and meat-based products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 9-17]

Objective: To analyze the presence of selective antibiotic residues (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) in milk during the antibiotic treatment course, and to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status in milk of antibiotic-treated cows. Materials and Methods: The raw fresh milk was collected from 18 lactating cows before antibiotics treatment, which were brought to the veterinary hospital and suffered from either mastitis, foot and mouth disease, fever, local wound, or non-specific diarrhea, and so on. Out of the 18 lactating cows, six were treated with oxytetracycline, six were treated with amoxicillin, and six were treated with ciprofloxacin parenterally. Milk samples were also collected at 2nd day during treatment and final collection was done after maintaining the withdrawal period. Since milk is heated before con¬sumption, it was boiled at 100°C for 20 min to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status. Thin-layer chromatography was done for screening of antibiotics residue before and after boiling of the milk. Results: At day 0 (before antibiotic treatment), no antibiotics (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin) residue was detected in raw milk of antibiotic treated cows. In contrast, on day 2 (during antibiotic treatment), 100% raw milk samples showed positive for antibiotics residue. After boiling, all milk samples showed positive for such specific antibiotics residue. On the other hand, no antibiotics residues were detected on day 9, which indicates the completion of the withdrawal period of the respective antibiotic. The intensities of bands for antibiotic on thin-layer chromatography plate of antibiotic residues in milk samples (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) expressed that the respective antibiotic residual status was higher in the boiled milk compare to the raw milk. Conclusion: Proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment would mini¬mize the risk of antibiotic residues in milk, and boiling does not change these specific antibiotics residual status in milk. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment in lactating cows is one of the best strategies that may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in milk. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 516-520]

Objective: The objective of this research work is to know the productive and reproductive perfor¬mances and problems of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows in selected study areas in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 1,241 local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows were surveyed in the selected areas with a pre-set questionnaire. Among 1,241 buffalo cows, 112 buffalo cows were randomly selected at day 0 of the estrus cycle for studying ovarian features. Results: Results showed that the average age, body condition score, and body weight were sig¬nificantly (p < 0.05) different among the studied breeds. Milk production in Murrah and lactation length in Nilli cows were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than indigenous, crossbred, Nilli, and indig¬enous, crossbred, Murrah buffalo cows, respectively. Results also illustrated that sexual maturity, estrus cycle length, insemination time after the onset of estrus, and gestation length insignifi¬cantly (p > 0.05) varied among the surveyed breed. But, the fallout of the study denoted that estrus duration, first calving age, parity number, number of service per conception, calving inter¬val, and voluntary waiting period varied significantly (p < 0.05) in different breeds. Ovarian phys¬iological characteristics such as vaginal electrical resistance, average number of follicles in two ovaries, and largest follicular diameter, estrogen, and progesterone at day 0 of the estrus cycle of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows showed insignificantly (p > 0.05) differences. Conclusion: The study will help the veterinarian and researcher to identify the constraints for the reproductive efficiency of buffalo in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 553-560]

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate heterozygosis in cattle population, and to characterize White Fulani breed by identifying DNA markers considering microsatellites. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 cattle were randomly selected and used for sample (wool) collection for the characterization and identification of phenotypic traits of cattle in Nigeria. The DNA samples from the samples were prepared. Twelve microsatellite primers were used for the microsatellite analysis in the genomic DNA of cattle. The reinforced products were analyzed to determine polymorphic alleles and their frequencies. Results: White Fulani is characterized by a high degree of genetic diversity. The microsatellites have multiple alleles and may show heterozygosity frequencies of at least 70%. White Fulani cows and their F1 descendants form a common cluster, to which the bulls of the Kuru and Red Boro breeds are adjacent. There is a clear differentiation of purebred populations of Tajik zebu-like cattle (Q = 98.7%) and a significant proportion of white Fulani (Q = 81.8%) from Nigeria. The microsatellite analysis of zebu of Nigeria allowed identifying a total of 80 alleles. In the KURU and PAX-KR-BOR rocks, 17 and 19 alleles were identified, respectively. In F1, 51 alleles were detected. Conclusion: White Fulani cattle are characterized by a high degree of genetic diversities. This makes it a highly informative source in genetic analysis. The results can be applied in dealing with the conservation and sustainable applications of genetic resources in the Nigerian cattle population. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 474-480]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risk of rabies entry through the movement of hunting dog from Garut District to Sumatera Island with a semi-quantitative approach. Materials and Methods: Rabies entry assessment used the standard risk analysis according to the World Organization for Animal Health, with a semi-quantitative approach referring to Australian Biosecurity. Risk estimation calculation used Microsoft Excel and probabilities were estimated using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with @Risk (Palisade Corporation). Results: Risk estimation were considered as very low with a 0.02 (90%; 0.010.03) probability. The probability of undetected rabies-infected dog during Veterinary Certificate issuance [node probability (NP4)] was considered as the highest, with moderate likelihood and 0.63 (90%; 0.510.75) of probability value. The number of dog movement to Sumatera reached 27,000 heads per year which 5,050 heads of them come from Garut District. There were 2 of 100 dogs from Garut District entered to Sumatera possibly infected by rabies. The five highest parameters most determinant of the risk were dog vaccination before transported (0.66), dog obtained from other District (0.41), vaccination program (0.32), serologically test (0.27), and history of vaccination (0.23). Conclusion: Risk estimation from assessing on rabies entry to Sumatera through hunting dogs movement from Garut District was considered very low. Risk mitigation is focused on the highest parameters that contribute the most to risk based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. Semi-quantitative likelihood evaluations can consider the volume of dog traffic which is an important issue in risk analysis which is not easy to get with a simpler qualitative approach. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 148-157]

Objective: Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus Linton & Harbach, a coastal mosquito (also called a brack¬ish mosquito), is a secondary vector species of malaria distributed throughout eastern and south¬ern regions of Thailand. This research aimed to investigate the differences of wing size and shape of this female Aonpheles species in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand occurring over time between 2015 and 2017. Materials and Methods: Coordinates of 13 landmarks were selected and digitized. Centroid size (CS) was used to estimate wing size. Shape variables were used to estimate wing shape and were calculated from the Generalized Procrustes Analysis following principal components of the par¬tial warp. The statistically significant differences of the average wing size based on CS and wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances in each year were estimated using the non-parametric permutation testing with 1,000 cycles after Bonferroni correction with a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: The A. epiroticus population in year 2016 had the highest average (3.61 mm), and the population in year 2017 had the lowest (3.47 mm). In this study, there was no difference in the size of wing between A. epiroticus population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p > 0.05). The A. epiroticus population in year 2017 was significantly smaller than the population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). All pairwise comparisons of wing shape Mahalanobis distances were significantly different in year 2017 compared with 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate differences of wings occur over time that affect the morpho¬logical variability of A. epiroticus. The differences in weather conditions in each year affect the adaptive and morphological changes of mosquitoes in coastal areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 208-214]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the antimicrobials nisin and lysozyme to control the growth of spoilage bacteria of pasteurized milk during cold storage. Materials and Methods: Nisin, lysozyme, and a mixture of them were inoculated into freshly pasteurized milk at 500 IU/ml concentrations each. The acidity, sensory evaluation, and bacteri¬ological quality of the treated pasteurized milk samples were examined at zero time and every 3 days till the samples showed the signs of spoilage, that were checked every day. Results: Obtained results showed that there was a slight increase of the titratable acidity of the control and treated samples during refrigerated storage, but the acidity increase was significantly lower in samples containing lysosomes and/or nisin than the control samples. Nisin and lyso¬zyme at 500 IU/ml concentration possessed inhibitory effect on the total bacterial, aerobic spore-formers, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the treated samples. The efficacy of nisin 500 IU/ml combined with lysozyme 500 U/ml was assessed and synergistic activity has been detected, that was expressed in the form of higher inhibitory effect and extend¬ing the shelf-life of the samples up to 15 days at cold storage. Moreover, the sensory evaluation showed that nisin and lysozyme does not affect the acceptability of the examined samples. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that nisin and lysozyme have the potential to enhance the post-process bacteriological safety of pasteurized milk during the storage period and could aid in the elimination of post-process contamination and prolong its shelf-life. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 403-408]

Objective: This study aims to determine the ameliorative effect of vitamin E (vit E) on histological features and androgen binding protein (ABP) levels in rats induced by allethrin. Materials and Methods: Thirty sexually mature male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 gm, and aging 3 months were taken for this study and were divided into three groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment (T) groups. The PC and T groups were induced by allethrin 12 h per day for 31 days; however, only the T group was given vit E orally at 1 ml/gm body weight (BW) each day for 14 days. The paraffin block method was used to measure tubules diameter, thickness of the seminiferous epithelial layer, and Sertoli cell number. The ABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results showed that vit E gave significant effect (p < 0.05) on tubular diameter at NC 123.67 ± 12.77, PC 147.16 ± 10.64, and T 130.08 ± 10.00; tubular epithelial thickness at NC 33.55 ± 3.21, PC 30.02 ± 1.53, and T 32.96 ± 2.81; Sertoli cells number at NC 55.48 ± 5.9, PC 43.84 ± 3.77, and T 53.44 ± 4.26; and ABP levels at NC 72.35 ± 39.06, PC 38, 48 ± 18.78, and T 86.10 ± 35.77, respectively. Conclusion: This study concludes that vit E has an ameliorative effect against the toxic effects of allethrin at testicular histological features and ABP levels. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 486-491]