The present study was aimed to investigate the gynaeco-pathological disorders by post-mortem and histopathological examination, and to identify the associated bacteria. A total of 310 genital tracts of cows were collected from slaughter house of Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla during April 2009 to March 2010. Among the 310 samples, 31.29% (n=97/310) were affected with endrometritis. Similarly, 8.37% (n=26/310) cystic ovary, 6.77% (n=21/310) ovary hyperplasia, 4.84% (n=15/310) pyometra, 4.84% (n=15/310) parovarian cyst, 4.52% (n=14/310) hydrometra, 4.84% (n=15/310) ovary hypoplasia, 3.55%(n=11/310) ovaro-bursal adhesion, 1.29% (n=4/310) vaginal cyst and 0.66% (n=2/310)) hemorrhagic uterine horn were detected by post-mortem examination, the cases were reconfirmed by histopathological studies. Uterine fluid (n=50) samples were collected, and were subjected for conventional bacteriological culture and biochemical analysis. Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. could be identified from 30% (n=15/50) and 8% (n=4/50) samples, respectively. In conclusion, various pathological disorders in the female reproductive system of cows are prevalent, that may cause reduction of calf production.

The present study was undertaken to mitigate Salmonella from betel leaf in Mymensingh. A total of 35 betel leaf samples were collected from 2 baroujes and 5 local markets in Mymensingh. The samples were sub-divided into two groups: (i) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) washed, and (ii) grinded sample. There was control and treated (with 1.5% vinegar, sorbitol, and sodium benzoate) sub-groups in both groups. Mitigation of Salmonella was determined by comparing Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Salmonella Count (TSAC) of control with treated groups. No bacterial growth was observed in the betel leaf samples collected directly from barouj level. At market level, when grinded, there was no growth of bacteria in Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Salmonella- Shigella (SS) or Xylose Lysine De-oxy-chocolate (XLD) in both treated and untreated groups. But when the PBS washed samples were used, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) of betel leaf ranged from 5.16±0.82 to 5.96±1.11, whereas the TSAC value ranged from 4.87±0.58 to 5.56±1.00 for untreated group. In vinegar, there was no growth, but when treated with sorbitol, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.00±0.54 to 5.66±1.09, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.28±0.71 to 4.78±0.64. When treated with sodium benzoate, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.06±0.53 to 5.75±1.02, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.34±0.79 to 4.92±0.64. Data of this study indicates that all the three chemicals were effective in terms of reducing bacterial load but vinegar (1.5%) was found to be the most effective against Salmonella as well as some other bacteria when treated for 10 min.

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis is an acute, febrile disease of warm blooded animals including humans. Social norms and poverty in addition to climatic factors such as soil conditions, seasons of year, ambient temperature and rainfall influence the persistence of the B. anthracis and anthrax outbreaks. The present study was designed to reveal the factors influencing the repeated outbreak of anthrax in Bangladesh. Considering the previous outbreaks of anthrax, Sirajganj, Bogra, Kushtia, Tangail and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh were selected for this study. To elucidate the factors, qualitative data relating to the animal management, knowledge and behavior of the people; and quantitative data relating to soil conditions, ambient temperature and rainfall were acquired, and analyzed critically. Based on the outbreak histories, a year was divided into two seasons, anthrax prone season (May-November) and anthrax dry season (December-April). Anthrax spores could be isolated from 11.67% (n=14/120) of the soil samples collected from the study areas. The present study revealed that poor knowledge, lack of awareness, improper carcass disposal, inadequate vaccination, high Ca content and moisture in the soil along with high ambient temperature and rainfall during the anthrax prone season were the possible influencing factors of repeated outbreaks of anthrax in the study areas. Intensive propaganda to create public awareness of anthrax together with proper vaccination may reduce anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh.

The study was carried out to investigate the associated maggots and bacteria in myiasis affected wound in animals. Total 37 myiasis affected cattle (n=25) and goats (n=12) were examined in this study, of which 21 samples were collected from the Veterinary clinics of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, and the remaining 16 samples were collected from Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur, Mymensingh. The maggots were collected from the wounds, and were identified under microscope. For microbial identification, samples (n=10) were collected aseptically by using sterile cotton swab. The samples were allowed to grow in media. Colony and staining characteristics were studied. Traumatic, creeping or migratory myiasis wounds were identified in the examined animals. In this study, subcutaneous wound was mostly recorded, of which 43% (n=9/21) was found at the Veterinary Clinics, BAU, and 44% (n=7/16) was found at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur. The maggots were identified as Chrysomya bezziana, commonly known as Old World screwworm. Occurrence of myiasis due to C. bezziana larvae was recorded as 100%. The associated bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus spp. In conclusion, the myiasis wounds are associated with both Staphylococcus spp. and larvae of C. bezziana. Preventive and control measures against the C. bezziana and Staphylococcus spp. can be undertaken to save the livestock from myiasis in Bangladesh.

Duck plague (DP) is the most feared duck disease in the world. For isolation, identification, molecular detection and characterization of DP virus (DPV), a total of 94 samples were collected from commercial farms (n=6) and households (n=13) from Rajshahi (n=37), Netrokona (n=35) and Mymensingh (n=22) districts of Bangladesh. The samples were processed and inoculated into 11-13 days old embryonated duck eggs for virus propagation. Virus was identified using agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIT) and passive hemagglutination (PHA) test, and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting DNA polymerase and gC genes, followed by sequencing. Pathogenicity tests were performed using duck embryos, ducklings and ducks. Among the 94 samples, 17 isolates were confirmed as DPV by PCR amplification of partial DNA polymerase (446-bp) and gC genes (78-bp), respectively. One of the isolates (Anatid herpes 1 BAU DMH) was sequenced and found to be closely related with a Chinese variant of DPV (GenBank: JQ647509.1). Thus, we assume that both Bangladeshi and Chinese isolates of DPV may have a common ancestor. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2015; 2(3.000): 296-303]

In the last two decades, the chemical and biological contaminants in livestock and livestock products worldwide have been considered as one of the causes that threatens life of both man and animals. In Sudan very little work has been done in this field. This study was carried out to detect Oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in sheep liver and muscle samples in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 150 samples comprising of liver (n=75) and muscle (n=75) of sheep were collected from three different localities in Khartoum State during the period from March to September 2013. The OTC residues were detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and one plate test (OPT). The results of HPLC showed that the level of OTC residues in liver samples above maximum residue limit (MRL) was 4% (n=3/75) and under MRL was 96%. Regard to muscle samples, the level of OTC residues above MRL was 60.3% (n=35/58), whereas, under MRL was 39.7%. Using OPT, 14.7% (n=11/75) and 6.7% (n=5/75) of liver and muscle samples showed inhibition zone, respectively. It is concluded that OTC residues are detected in sheep liver and muscle sample with different levels in Khartoum state. Further investigation on level of OTC residues in other farm animals and other organs throughout the country is recommended. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2015; 2(3.000): 321-325]

A serological survey for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis was conducted in Adamawa State, Nigeria during the year 2012. A total of 400 serum samples were collected from three local government areas (LGA) namely Yola (n=140), Mubi (n=130) and Ganye (n=130), and the samples were examined for the presence of M. bovis antibodies using BIO-X M. bovis antibody ELISA Kit. The overall seroprevalence of M. bovis was recorded as 19.5% (n=78/400). The highest seroprevalence was recorded in Ganye LGA (27.7%; n=36/130), followed by Yola LGA (20.0%; n=28/140) and Mubi LGA (10.8%; n=14/130). The cattle aging <1-year had the highest prevalence (25.8%), followed by 4-year-old cattle (22.4%). Based on sex distribution, 20.4% of the cows and 17.4% of the bulls were seropositive to M. bovis. Breed susceptibility to M. bovis infection showed that White Fulani had the highest prevalence (21.8%), and Sokoto Gudali had the lowest (11.9%). No statistical significant association was found between M. bovis infection and age, sex and breed of the cattle. In conclusion, the above findings are indicative for the presence of M. bovis in the study area.

In Nigeria, knowledge on the epidemiology of diseases of dogs is limited. A retrospective study of data from clinical records of six veterinary clinics was undertaken to determine the incidence of disease in owned dogs in Delta State, Nigeria from 2012 to 2014. Association between the diagnosed diseases and the studied variables was explored using Chi-Squared test statistics. This study revealed that most of the conditions presented to the veterinary clinics were preventable. Thirty-one (31) clinical conditions were diagnosed from 571 cases recorded, involving nonspecific (21.6%), infectious (70.9%; P=0.001) and non-infectious (7.5%) diseases. The most occurring clinical conditions comprised helminthoses (21.4%), mange (10.5%), parvovirosis (8.4%), babesiosis (7.9%), septicemia (7.2%), gastroenteritis (7.0%), myiasis (7.0%), trauma (6.3%), poisoning (6.0%), ectoparasitism (3.7%), ascites (2.5%), dermatitis (2.3%), aural hematoma (1.2%), and orchitis (1.1%). Disease incidence was highest in Alsatian (40.3%), mixed/cross (33.1%), Rottweiler (7.0%) and toy breeds (4.6%). Details on the least occurring diseases and the association between disease and the studied variables are given. The outcomes demonstrate the prevalence of the clinical conditions diagnosed, inadequate husbandry and veterinary care accorded to owned dogs in the State. Education of dog owners on preventive measures is paramount in alleviating some of these health problems.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate three potential complete rations made from locally available ingredients through in vitro digestibility (DM, CP, NDF and ADF) and in vitro total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) production. Three iso-nitrogenous complete rations comprising of maize stover (T1), red gram straw (T2) or black gram straw (T3) and concentrate in 60:40 ratio were prepared and the cost/kg diets were 5.2, 5.5 and 5.7 rupees/Kg diet, respectively. Three fistulated buffalo bulls (5 yrs, 350 ± 9.36 kg BW) used as donors of rumen inoculums were fed the same three complete rations (T1, T2 and T3) after proper adaptation. The three complete rations were iso-nitrogenous with CP content ranging from 12.62 to 12.82, while T3 contained higher EE (1.68 %) and TA (9.75 %) and higher NFE (34.38 %) in T1 than in other complete rations. However, variation was apparent in the fiber fractions of the three complete rations attributable to varying sources of the fibrous crop residues. Overall in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) % was higher (p<0.05) in T1 (58.59 ± 1.55 and 56.33 ± 0.24) followed by T3 (57.75 ± 0.46 and 54.20 ± 0.64) and in T2 (55.45 ± 0.69 and 53.23 ± 1.25). However, the differences for in vitro CP digestibility (IVCPD) and in vitro ADF digestibility (IVADFD) % were higher in T1 than in other complete rations, the values did not differ statistically. Overall TVFA (meq/L) production was higher in T1 (87.65 ± 7.17) than in T2 (83.00 ± 5.74) and T3 (84.00 ± 5.52). It is concluded that T1 is superior to T2 or T3 in terms of in vitro digestibility (DM, CP, NDF and ADF), in vitro TVFA production and cost of formulation.

Heads of sheep (n=180) and goats (n=120) slaughtered at four regions (Labraq, Shahat, Elbeida, and Masa) of Green Mountain areas in Libya were investigated for the presence of larvae of Oestrus ovis. The animals were divided into sex and age groups. The heads were cut along longitudinal and sagittal axes, and the larvae (L1, L2, and L3) were collected. The infestation rate was significantly higher in sheep (51.66%; n=93/180) as compared to goats (28.33%; n=34/120). In sheep, the rate was higher during May (100%), while in goat, it was higher during August (70%). The incidence of L1 peaked in April (90%) for sheep and October (100%) for goats, while L2 reached to maximum in May for sheep (26.95%) and goats (75%). L3 reached to peak in February (50%) for sheep, and June (25%) for goats. Mean intensity of larval burden was higher in sheep than goat, reaching to peak in June (9.1 larvae/head) for sheep and March (3.5 larvae/head) for goats. The infestation rate was significantly higher in males than females. The older animals were mostly affected as compared to younger animals. Highest infestation rate was recorded in Masa (45.83%), and the lowest rate was found in Labraq (40.27%). In conclusion, these findings may be used in designing the control strategies of myiasis in Libya.