Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh and to estimate the percentage of disease occurrence in the pet animals. Materials and methods: A 2-month potential study was conducted to estimate the percentage (%) of disease occurrence and current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. A total of 550 animals were examined and 358 data were collected from the disease registered book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and SA Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh during June and September, 2014. The data were analysed, and the results on the newly emerging diseases were expressed as percentage (%). Results: Among the most general pet animals in Bangladesh (dog, cat, rabbit), the mostly occured diseases were scabies (23.07%), feline ascariasis (37.14%) and rabbit mange (34.61%), while the less frequent diseases were canine parvovirus enteritis (2.19%), cat scratch disease (5.71%) and overgrown teeth (7.69%). Conclusion: The study provides basic information about the current status and the percentage (%) of disease occurrence considering the emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 413-419]

Objective: The objective of this research work was to find out the prevalence of clinically occurring diseases and the disorders in cattle and goats at the Sylhet Agricultural University area, Sylhet during January to December 2013. Materials and methods: This clinical study was carried out on 775 clinical cases (553 cattle and 222 goats) based on the general, clinical, physical and microscopical examination along with common laboratory techniques. Results: The clinically observed cases in cattle were (i) gyneco-obstetrical (15.37%; n=85/553; P=0.038), (ii) metabolic and nutritional (9.94%; n=55/553; P=0.245), (iii) bacterial and viral (26.22%; n=145/553; P=<0.001), (iv) parasitic (26.58%; n=147/553; P=<0.001), and (v) digestive diseases (21.88%; n=121/553; P=0.008). Similarly, in goats, the prevalences were found to be 14.41 (n=32/222; P=0.041), 15.76 (n=35/222; P=0.078), 30.63 (n=68/222; P=0.001), 23.87 (n=53/222; P=0.020), and 15.31% (n=34/222; P=0.069), respectively. Conclusion: This research work is a groundwork which may facilitate the potential researchers to investigate the details possessions for extensive therapeutic exercises in Bangladesh particularly in Sylhet region for designing the control strategies and conducting the treatment of infection and disorders in cattle and goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 24-37]

Objective: This research work was conducted for isolation of Salmonella spp. from duck and pigeon and assessment of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated Salmonella spp. Materials and methods: A total of 48 duck samples comprising of liver (n=16) spleen (n=16) and intestinal content (n=16) were collected from 16 ducks (8 sick and 8 dead). Similarly, 42 pigeon samples comprising of liver (n=14), spleen (n=14) and intestinal contents (n=14) were collected from 14 pigeons (7 sick and 7 dead). The samples were collected from the selected Duck and Pigeon farms at three Upazillas (sub-districts) in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. The samples were subjected for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. following standard bacteriological examinations such as cultural and morphological characteristics, biochemical properties and motility test. Commercially available antibiotic discs were used for the assesment of antibiotic resistant patterns by disc diffusion method. Results: Salmonella spp. could be isolated from 39.58% (n=19/48) duck and 28.57% (n=12/42) pigeon samples. The growth of colony with different characteristics in Brilliant Green agar, Nutrient agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar and Mac Conkey agar indicated positive results. Dextrose and mannitol were fermented and in Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) slant media, the isolates produced red color, yellow in butt with slightly black color. Positive result was found in Indole and Methyl Red media. The isolated Salmonella organisms were found to be highly sensitive to Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin. Conclusion: Pigeons and ducks found in the study area may be the carrier of Salmonella spp. The farm should be checked periodically to know the status of Salmonella infection. Further study might be isolation and identification of Salmonella organism with detail genomic analysis and drug resistance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 386-391]

Objective: The study was undertaken with an objective to determine the seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats of different age groups. Materials and methods: A total of 606 goats (414 vaccinated and 192 unvaccinated) were randomly selected from Rajshahi, Sirajganj and Gazipur districts. The goats were categorized into different age gropus; (i) 0-6 months, (ii) 12-24 months, and (iii) >24 months. Blood samples were collected from the goats and sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPR virus (PPRV) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Results: In the unvaccinated goats, overall seroprevalence was 8.70% (n=36/414). The highest seroprevalence was recorded in Rajshahi (28.57%; n=18/63) which was followed by Gazipur (16%; n=12/75) and Sirajganj (2.17%; n=6/276). The age-based overall seroprevalence in the unvaccinated samples from 0-6 months age group was 9.43% (n=15/159). Similarly, 12-24 and >24 months age groups of goats revealed the presence of 6% (n=9/150) and 11.43% (n=12/105) seroprevalence against PPRV. Of the vaccinated samples, overall 76.04% (n=146/192) were seropositive against PPRV. Within the age group of 0-6 months, vaccinated samples had the highest seroprevalence (80.25%; n=65/81) as compared to 12-24 (70.83%; n=34/48) and >24 months (74.60%; n=47/63) age groups of goats, respectively. Conclusion: The seroprevalence in the unvaccinated samples indicates that PPRV is circulating in Bangladesh which is inducing to produce natural antibody in goats. This study also states that the field level vaccination against PPRV could give protection to the goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 127-133]

Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the proportionate prevalence of dog bite in cattle, goats and dog at selected veterinary hospitals in Bangladesh and India, and to assess the farmers' knowledge level about dog bite and rabies in general. Materials and methods: A 4-month prospective study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of dog bite in different species at selected veterinary hospitals in Bangladesh and India during January to July 2015. A total of 119 dog bite cases were identified by anamnesis, manifesting signs and clinical and physical examinations. Information about site of bite, duration, bite management, vaccination history, rabid dog, breed, age, sex and knowledge about rabies were composed by extensive cross-questioning to the farmers using pre-structured questionnaire. Results: The proportionate prevalence was found higher in goats (25.7%) irrespective of study placements. Hind leg (28-50%) and hind quarter (13-34%) of all species were found as the most vulnerable body part for dog bite. Younger (8-26%) and female (6-36%) animals were more prone to attack by dog. About 65% farmers had preliminary knowledge about rabies and they were aware about high fatality rate of this disease. Most of the respondents (about 45%) said that they did not know about how many days required to occur rabies after the animal being bitten by a rabid dog. Around 70% people had knowledge about source of rabies vaccine, and 74% people thought that the Government Veterinary Hospital was the main source of post exposure rabies vaccine. After dog biting, out of 119, 106 victims were recovered as a result of proper washing and dressing of biting site, and administration of post exposure rabies vaccine. Conclusion: Dog bite was higher in younger and female animals as compared to males and adult animals with an exception in case of dog. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 252-258]

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of daily intake of vitamin C or selenium against deleterious effects of nicotine toxicity on pregnant albino rats. Materials and methods: Forty albino pregnant rats were equally distributed into four groups. Group A was considered as control. Group B was administered with nicotine dosed at 1 mg/kg body weight (bwt) daily for 7 weeks (wks) from 1st day of gestation until the postnatal 4 wks. Group C was treated with nicotine and vitamin C dosed at 1 mg/kg bwt orally for 7 wks, group D was treated with nicotine and sodium selenite dosed at 1 ug/100 g bwt concurrently for 7 wks. The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), protein carbonyl (PC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were estimated in homogenates of the lung, kidney and liver. Histopathological studies using hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemical studies using p53 antibody were also done. Results: Nicotine significantly elevated the levels of TBARS and PC as compared to control rats. Groups C and D showed decrease in these levels significantly. CAT and SOD activities of group B were decreased significantly. Significant elevation of CAT and SOD activities was detected in both groups C and D. Vitamin C elevated the antioxidant enzymes activities to normal levels, however selenium administration improved these levels but still lower than those of group A. Expression of p53 was decreased in group B as compared to group A. Vitamin C completely reversed the expression of p53 as group A. However, group D did not showed any significant changes in expressions as compared to group B. Conclusion: It is concluded that vitamin C intake was useful than selenium in prevention against nicotine-induced oxidative stress including p53 expression in the lung, kidney and liver of pregnant rats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 321-331]

Objective: The objectives of this study was to investigate phenotypically the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in ruminants and animal handlers in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 937 samples (900 nasal and skin swabs of cattle and 37 humans samples) were collected in Maiduguri metropolis. The samples were inoculated onto mannitol salt agar (MSA) and blood agar, and the cultrue plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 h. The S. aureus colonies showing golden yellow color on MSA were primarily identified as S. aureus, which were then subjected for catalase and coagulase tests. All S. aureus were finally screened for the presence of MRSA on oxalate resistant screening agar (ORSAB) medium. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the MRSA were measured by disc diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 44.3% (n=414/937). The MRSA could be detected in 12.1% (n=113/937) samples. Considerign different species, S. aureus could be isolated from 137 (45.6%), 148 (49.3%) and 119 (39.7%), 11 (29.7%) cattle, sheep, goat and humans, respectively. In ruminants, 27.7% (n-83/300) bulls were positive for S. aureus. Similarly, 10.7% (n=32/300) and 22.3% (n=67/300) were positive for S. aureus in rams and bucks, respectively. On the other hand, 18% (n=54/300), 38.7% (n=116/300) and 17.3% (n=52/300) samples from cows, ewes and does were positive for S. aureus. The highest MRSA could be isolated from ewes (9.3%; n=28/300) follwed by bulls (7%; n=21/300) and bucks (6.7%; n=20/300). In humans, 13.5% (n=5/37) samples were positive for MRSA. Conclusion: S. aureus and MRSA infections in ruminants and animal handlers are documented in this study. The MRSA may exert public health threat to humans. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 152-159]

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Newcastle Disease (ND) in poultry of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: Post mortem of a total of 208 dead birds were done for the diagnosis purpose. Different poultry species included in this study included broilers, layers, pigeon, duck etc. Results: Among the examined birds, 38% were found to be affected with IBD, and 11% were affected with ND. Age of the birds for both IBD (19.95; 95%CI: 16-23) and ND (122.23; 95%CI: 98.62-145.83); and flock size only for IBD (1317; 95%CI: 1175-1460) was found significantly associated. The chicks aging between 16-23 days and flock size between 1175-1460 were found to be the most susceptible group to IBD, and adult poultry (98.62-145.83 days old) was mostly susceptible to ND. Conclusion: IBD and ND are highly prevalent in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct effective control measures to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. This study can help in designing appropriate control measures considering risk factors of these diseases. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 406-412]

National audience

Animal production can be more efficient and also sustainable if we reduce CH4 production from ruminal fermentation. One option is to find alternative forages that modify rumen fermentation. CH4 is not only harmful the environment but also means loss to the animals. All of the aspects of the issue is related to the condition of ruminant’s farm in Indonesia. Some other forages that are mainly fed as protein source to ruminants, are: cassava leaves, sweet potato leaves, soya bean leaves, tofu waste, leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Musa paradisiaca L, Ipomea batatas. Roughage sources are hays of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, and Setaria sphacelata and the concentrate sources mainly corn, rice bran and cassava waste, and corn cobs. However, there are very limited studies in finding alternative forages that can both increase animals productivity and also reduce CH4 production. Only forages relevant to Indonesia that have been studied in vitro is reviewed in this article, about its potential in reducing CH4 production from rumen fermentation. Even though some forages reduce CH4, it could negatively influence digestibility, hence less productivity. Some studies indicated that it was due to the fat content of the forage while others indicated that the concentration of the bioactive compounds such as condensed tannin influence the side effect of low CH4 ruminal production.