The effect of three dietary regimes: - high fat ((1-If), low protein (Lp), and High. fat low protein (HfLp) was studied on 3 groups of 21 days old Balb/c mice .A fourth group received balanced diet as ' control (C). histological pictures of large intestine (colon) was examined after 3,6,l2 weeks after weaning time (day 0) ofexperiment .body weight was determined on weekly bases for the four groups. Significant differences were detected amongmeans of body weights ofexperimental animals in comparison with control group as following: - Hf>C>HfLp>LP. — ' - Profound histological changes of colon were observed specially in the Hflp group in process of time. Significant differences in numbers of goblet cells and thickness ofthe adventitial layer of colon was detected, the numbers of goblet cells were reduced in LP group, while their numbers increased in Hf group.

An attempt wasmade to study the analgesic effect of oil extract of Nigella sativa . seed, apple vinegar, honey and their combination. These materials were administered orally to male mice and were tested using a model of animal of pain (hot plate test). The result showed that N. sativa oil had a good analgesic effect, increasing hot plate latencies by 57.7%. Similar analgesic effect was produced by apple vinegar. Honey was much less effective; it produced only 52% increase in hot plate time. The effect of apple vinegar and honey was dose dependent. Combination of N. sativa with vinegar or honey did not result in enhancement of effect of N. saliva oil when measured, one hour after administration. However, potentiation effect was found between N. sativa oil and apple vinegar when the analgesic effect was measured at 4 and 6 hours after oral administration.

The bacterial and fungal population in the rumen fluid was measured by using different cultures media and incubation temperature. The higher mean of mesophils and staphylococci was found in the rumenal fluid of goat. While higher mean of psachrophils,, colzform and fungi count was observed in the rumenal fluid of cow. Significant mean difference among microbial population in the rumenal fluid was observed among cow, goat and buffalo concerning the mesophils bacteria. Also significant mean difference was observed in Escherchia coli mean count among goat, buffalo and cow rumenal fluid microbial population .There was no significant difference in the mean count of mesophils, coliform, staphylococci and fungi. A freshly isolated. E.coli from rumenal fluid of goat had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.

The present study is to describe the histological characterization of rat neuromuscular receptors and their density in relationship to extrafusal muscle fibres. Neuromuscular receptors or (muscle spindles) were identified and isolated from fore and hindlimb muscles and examined by the light microscope. The _average numbers and densities of muscle spindles were found comparable to some other mammals. . Each muscle spindle was contained 2-4 intrafusal muscle fibres . Three types of intrafusal muscle fibres were distinguished as large (L), medium (M) and small (S). All muscle spindles innervated by sensory and motor nerve fibres which branching from spindle nerve trunk.

In an assessment of cellular immunity in Guinea pigs following transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell transfer using the erythrocytes: lyphocytes rosette test (E-rosette test). . The results revealed the following: p _ There is increase in the mean number of E-rosette forming active and total T lymphocytes in the sensitized transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell recipient groups comparable to control groups received normal spleen cell extract and normal spleen cells. These findings indicate that E-rosette "forming cells are of cellular immunological sinificance. .

Biopsy were taken from 50 patients in order to cultivate Helicobacter pylori and blood samples to detect anemia , differential white blood eellcount and blood groups . The results showed that anemia was found in 48% of the patients while lymphocyte elevated in 44% of them , blood group 0 had the higher percentage ( 42% ) in those patients among the other blood group types" . ' . _ _ INTRODUCTION - Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative microorganism that secretes many substances including ammoina , mucolytic enzymes ( adhesins , catalase and urease ) and acid secrete inhibitory proteins.(8) In addition to that it secrets toxin like vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA).(7). - — Adhesin allows the organism to adhere , catalase might protect the organisum from the immune system , urease increase the secretion of gastrin which stimulate the intestinal‘ tissues to grow faster , and so could result in increased cancer risk .Urease is reponsible for hydrolyzing urea to NH3 and CO2, and acts as also protective by forming an alkalin environment around the organism . The combination of NH3 ,_Co2 and inhibitory proteins allows the bacteria to setup locallized pockets where it can neutralize even the acidity of ' blood type 0 stomachs The genetics of the secretor and non —-secretor system interact to alter an individuals risk for ulcer. In several studies , non—secretors of ABO substances have been found to have significantly higher rate ofduodenal and peplic ulcer .( 8) fl._ pylori infection increases the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes above the upper limit of referential.values .(l0)e ' ‘ Recent evidence suggests that fl_. pylori infection could cause iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ).(2). Adolescent femal athletes may have development of [_{_.__pylori associated ( IDA ) which can be managed by Q pylori eradication (5 ) . H. pylori may have a role in causing IDA in school-age children (3 )

A total of 24 adult male aged 32 weeks from Iraqi local drakes were used in this study to determined some semen characterization, drakes devided randomly into three equal groups and subjected to three semen collection frequencies (once daily, twice daily and once every 2 days) for- 18 consecutive days. The study revealed the following results: 1- Semen characteristics of Iraqi local drakes were, semen volume 0.65ml, spermatozoa concentration 3.52 X 10 9, sperm motility and Abnormality 81.64, 13.14% respectively, pll value 7.1 and individual motility 84.2%. The concentration of glucose, protein and cholesterol in semen plasma were 95.8ml/100ml, 1.22mg/ 100 ml and 102.4 Mnol/ml respectively. 2— The total mean semen volume over 18 days period and total number of spermatozoa produced by the drakes increased significantly as the collection frequency in creased from once over 2 days to twice daily from 3.42 to 8.90ml and 5.85 x 109 to 10.72 x 109 respectively. 3- The average semen volume per collection and the average number of spermatozoa per ejaculate decreased significantly as the collection frequency increased from once over 2days to twice daily from 0.91 to 0.67ml and 1.96 X 109 to 0.92 X 10 9 respectively. 1- , 4- No significantly difference showed on concentration of spermatozoa with the . frequency of collection over 3 periods. 5- Analysis of semen from birds were ejaculated twice daily was showed that the second collection inferior to the first in total number of spermatozoa, total volume of semen and concentration of spermatozoa.

This study had been done on twenty four healthy adult local female rabbits of _ mean body weight of 2 kgm and mean age of 5 months were randomly allocated into four groups of six ainmals eash; all groups were fed during the period of experiment on a diet contained 0.5 % cholesterol and 14% coconut oil. The first group was regarded as control and received 3ml of physiological saline orally‘ for a month. The second group was drenched ethanolic extract of Taraxacum ojficirzale (500 mg/kg/day) for one month; the third group first subjected to cholecystoctomy (removal of gall bladder) then drenched 500 mg/kg/day ethanolic extract of T. oflicinale for month also. The fourth group was treated with atrovastatin (0.4 mg/kg/day) for one month also. Those females were joined with males after treatment for a week to study the effect on fertility and reproductive capacity and on fetal growth. Blood samples were taken from all groups at the end of the treatment to know the effect on serum cholesterol and on enzymatic activity then after killing the animals the following organs were taken for histological study. They are pituitary and thyroid glands; ovaries and uterin from each animal of each . group. The following results were obtained:- 1. The ethanolic extract of Taraxacum ofiicinale caused highly significant increase (p

Objective-To assess gait abnormalities associated with selective anesthesia of the suprascapular nerve (SSN) achieved by use of perineural catheterization and thereby determine the function of that nerve as it relates to gait in horses. Animals-3 adult horses with no preexisting clinically apparent lameness at a walk. Procedure-Each horse was anesthetized; the right SSN was exposed surgically for placement of a perineural catheter to permit delivery of 1 mL of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride. Six hours after recovery from anesthesia, each horse was videotaped while walking (50-step data acquisition period) before and after administration of mepivacaine. Videotapes were reviewed and the proportion of abnormal steps before and after selective SSN anesthesia was assessed. A step was considered abnormal if a marked amount of scapulohumeral joint instability (ie, lateral luxation of the proximal portion of the humerus) was observed during the weight-bearing phase of the stride. Results-Clinically apparent gait dysfunction was detected in all 3 horses following perineural administration of the local anesthetic agent. Anesthesia of the SSN resulted in scapulohumeral joint instability as evidenced by consistent lateral excursion of the shoulder region during the weight-bearing phase of gait at a walk. The proportion of abnormal steps before and after SSN anesthesia was significantly different in all 3 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-These data support the role of the SSN in shoulder joint stability in horses and define SSN dysfunction as 1 mechanism by which the syndrome and gait dysfunction clinically referred to as sweeny may develop.

Objective-To determine the prevalence and temporal onset of lung lesions in lambs and the impact of lung lesions on growth of affected lambs. Animals-259 crossbred wether lambs from a single flock in the upper Midwestern United States. Procedure-An observational study was conducted. Lambs born in the spring and fall were slaughtered at finished weight or at a predetermined time point. Lungs of each lamb were examined and classified as normal, moderate lesions (consolidation > 5% but less than or equal to 50% of any lobe), or severe lesions (consolidation > 50% of any lobe). Data were examined to detect effects of prevalence or severity of lung lesions on growth and carcass traits. Results-57 of 89 (64%) spring-born lambs had lung lesions characterized by consolidation of lung tissue. A small number of lambs had pulmonary adhesions or active abscesses. In contrast, only 31 of 108 (29%) fall-born lambs had lung lesions. Severe lung lesions were associated with a significant reduction in average daily gain. Severe lung lesions were not detected until the middle of the finishing period and were associated with culture of Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Analysis of results indicates that the prevalence of severe lung lesions can be quite high in lambs. Severe lung lesions can lead to greatly decreased growth performance of lambs.