Salted fish is a common food type in Egypt that is consumed in certain occasions and celebrations. The manufacture process of the salted fish allows fermentation of different fish species. Therefore, there is a high chance for microbial growth and multiplication on such rich protein substrate, and decomposition of the amino acids to their biogenic amines (BAs) derivatives. This study was undertaken to estimate the formed BAs in three salted fish retailed in Egypt, named feseikh, sahlia, and salted sardine. In addition, microbial counts including total plate counts (TPC), total psychrophilic counts (TPsC), and total Staphylococcus aureus counts (TSC) were enumerated. Dietary intakes and health risks associated with the formed BAs were also calculated and discussed. The obtained results revealed formation of the BAs in all examined salted fish species. Feseikh had the highest BAs contents as well as microbial counts. In conclusion, although the calculated dietary intakes revealed no potential risks associated with the consumption of the salted fish, however this assumption should be handled carefully due to inter-individual differences in their immune-reactions to such BAs, particularly histamine.

Ensuring food safety and strict hygienic practices adopted across the meat industry's whole supply chain is a primary responsibility of the food safety sector. Monitoring the sanitary status of the retailed meat products is necessary to complete this task. Meat products including luncheon, sausage, burger, and minced meat retailed in Sharkia governorate, Egypt, were evaluated for hygiene indicators such as total bacterial counts (TBC), total coliforms counts (TCC), total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold counts (TMC). Furthermore, isolation of some pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., was done. The results showed varying rates of microbial contamination in the examined meat products. Minced meat was generally the most contaminated with microorganisms. Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., were isolated from the examined samples at varying rates. In conclusion, to produce meat products of excellent keeping quality, it is strongly advised to follow stringent hygiene procedures when handling meat from the time of slaughter and though out all manufacture process

This review article focuses on avian reovirus (ARV) regarding the virus characters, susceptibility and transmission, the different clinical forms, laboratory diagnosis, and preventive measures.  Despite most of ARV strains are abundant and innocuous, they are responsible for many diseases conditions in poultry industry. The pathogenic ARV strains induce great economic losses including growth retardation, increasing culling rate, high mortality rate, immunosuppression, and increasing the carcass rejection rate at processing. Strains of ARV belong to the family Reoviridae and genus Orthoreovirus are non-enveloped and double-stranded RNA. Almost all of avian species are susceptible to infection especially at young ages. The virus rapidly spreads among flocks via the horizontal, vertical, and mechanical routes. The infection with ARV is mainly associated with arthritis/ tenosynovitis and runting stunting syndrome. However, other clinical pictures such as gastroenteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and respiratory disease are also related to ARV infections. Laboratory diagnosis is based on isolation and characterization of the virus using conventional methods of detection. Nevertheless, recent molecular techniques are also regarded as suitable for the efficient diagnosis. Serological detection of specific ARV antibodies have been also applied. Adoption of hygienic measures and vaccination with live or inactivated vaccines are the most suitable methods for the prevention of field ARV infections.

This study was carried out to detect the prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains in Cobb, Sasso, and Balady breeds of broiler chickens using conventional techniques and to evaluate the in-vitro susceptibility of the isolated strains to different antimicrobials. Besides, the presence of some virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of E. coli strains was molecularly investigated. A total of 400 samples including liver, heart, spleen, lungs, and intestine were collected from freshly dead, diseased, and apparent healthy chickens in Damietta city, Damietta governorate, Egypt. The samples were subjected to conventional isolation and biochemical identification of E. coli and the results revealed a total prevalence of 20.5% (82/400) with the highest isolation rates from freshly dead breeds of chickens. The serological typing showed presence of O86:K61 and O26:K60 E. coli types. The results of the in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of 82 E coli strains revealed high degrees of resistances to cephradin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and doxycycline. The virulence genes including phoA, iss, and tsh were detected in 15 of E. coli strains with percentages of 100%, 33.33%, and 13.33%, respectively. Moreover, the results showed presence of blaTEM, sul1, and mcr1 antimicrobial resistance genes in 15 of E. coli strains with a percentage of 33.33% for each gene. In conclusion, E. coli strains are still circulating in chicken flocks causing economic loses and they are resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobials. Thus, adopting effective intervention strategies and better management systems are very critical to reduce E. coli-related hazards linked to poultry.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a considerable family of evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones that play an important role in protecting cells against cellular stressors. HSP70 is a sensitive, and superabundant gene associated with heat stress's physiological adaptability. This research aimed to identify the polymorphisms in 5' - 3' untranslated regions (5' UTR and 3′ UTR) of the HSP70 gene in western Sudan indigenous cattle. The genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of  Sudanese Red Fulani, Nyalawi, and Messeri cattle, and analyzed using the Sangar sequencing method. The results showed that the existence of 5 SNPs of g.802C>T, g.895C/-, g.1125A>C, g.1128G>T, and g.1204T>C at 5' UTR and one SNP of g.64T>G at 3′ UTR. The moderate polymorphic informative content (PIC) and highest effective number of allele values were detected in SNP of g.895C/- (1.97) and g.64T>G (1.88) in Sudanese Red Fulani and indicated that these SNPs are highly polymorphic. The deletion of Cytosine (g.895C/-) and G (g.64T>G) alleles were the most frequent while the (--) and (GT) genotypes were the most frequent among these cattle. The chi-square (χ2) test revealed that the genotype frequency for the HSP70 gene disagreed with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). This research is the first study concerned with HSP70 polymorphisms in Western Sudanese cattle. Thus, the results concluded that the HSP70 gene in (5' UTR and 3′ UTR) in all studied cattle was polymorphic. The 2 SNPs of g.895C/- and g.64T>G are useful molecular markers to assist selection for thermal adaptation in Sudanese cattle breeds.

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic wasting disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subs paratuberculosis (MAP) in ruminants. Paratuberculosis causes a significant reduction of milk production in the affected dairy sheep or goats and increase the cost of diagnosis, treatment, and culling of the infected animals. Paratuberculosis is currently recognised as a disease of major economic significance in cattle, sheep, goats, and wild ruminants globally. Recent reports also suggest that paratuberculosis affects wild ruminants and farmed deer. Despite the widespread occurrence of MAP, there are variations in the seroprevalence and global distribution patterns of disease among small ruminants and deer herds due to the influence of interacting epidemiological variables in different places. This systematic review aims to provide  insights on the current global seroprevalence status and distribution pattern of paratuberculosis among small ruminants and deer herds. The review compiled, analyzed, and narratively synthesized 36 eligible research articles published between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2024, from the SCOPUS and PubMed databases based on the 22-point Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. The average global seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in sheep was 14.02% (0.7–66.8), with the highest rate in Canada (66.8%) and the lowest in Austria (0.7%). Comparatively, the average global seroprevalence in goats was 18.44% (0.3–83), with the highest rate in Canada (83%) and the lowest in the West Indies (0.3%). The average global prevalence of paratuberculosis in deer was 14.76% (3.7–30.2), with the highest rate in Spain (30.2%) and the lowest rate in the Czech Republic (3.7%). This review revealed that Canada is a hot spot for both caprine and ovine paratuberculosis, and there were higher global seroprevalence rates in goats than sheep and deer. The lack of data on the seroepidemiology of paratuberculosis among small ruminant stock in Southeast Asia and other regions is a gap in our current knowledge of its distribution. Therefore, seroprevalence surveys of paratuberculosis among small ruminant and deer livestock are required to furnish information for planning suitable interventions in these areas.

Global aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of the most concern in food safety and quality. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of 80% methanolic leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced toxicity in rats. A. senegalensis has shown to inhibit genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The rats were divided into six groups including untreated control, aflatoxin B1 only (negative control); curcumin (positive control; 10 mg/kg); and three groups receiving different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of A. senegalensis extract. The rats received treatment (with the exception of untreated group) for 7 days prior to intoxication with aflatoxin B1. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Hepatic tissues were analysed for histological alterations. Administration of A. senegalensis extract demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in vivo by significantly reducing the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and regenerating the hepatocytes. No significant changes were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine for the AFB1 intoxicated group, curcumin+AFB1 and Annona senegalensis leaf extract (ASLE)+AFB1 (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) treated groups. Annona senegalensis is a good candidate for hepatoprotective agents and thus its use in traditional medicine may at least in part be justified. Contribution: The plant extract investigated in this study can be used in animal health to protect the organism from toxicity caused by mycotoxins.

Mastitis is an infectious disease condition resulting in inflammatory reaction which occurs when a large number of leukocytes migrate into the mammary gland. Mastitis causes significant financial losses for the global dairy industry. The present study aimed at development of transdermal film comprising of Azadirachta indica extract for treatment of mastitis, which is economical, safe and will not emerge multidrug resistance amongst pathogens. Azadirachta indica extract was prepared by sonication method. The extract was evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Transdermal films with Azadirachta indica extract were prepared with ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl acetate then subjected for the physical characterization, drug content, in vitro dissolution, tensile strength and antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extract displayed 5mg/ml. Based on quantification of azadirachtin by UV spectrophotometer 100 mg of extract was incorporated in each transdermal film. Transdermal films of Azadirachta indica extract possessed desirable physical properties, and exhibited the drug release of 91.54% in 8 hours. Transdermal film of Azadirachta indica showed sensitivity with a zone of inhibition of 19mm, 16mm, 19mm and 22mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. Data obtained revealed that transdermal films of Azadirachta indica extract exhibited good drug release profile and desirable physical properties, with good antibacterial activity. The present work reveals that transdermal film of Azadirachta indica extract can be considered for the treatment of mastitis.

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a crop that basically originated in countries of central-eastern North America. The tuber of the plant contains inulin, a fructose polymer. The degraded product is called oligofructose which is extensively used in the food industry. In recent decades, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs), a potential polymeric and bio-based NP, have attracted a lot of attention. They have considerable promise as functional elements that enhance the application of antimicrobial activity in food packaging, as well as nanocarriers that encapsulate items like medications or active compounds, convey them to a specific region or site, and enable a controlled release. One option for extending the shelf life of food is nanotechnology, which makes it possible to create active food packaging that combines the qualities of antimicrobial agents and external barriers. In this case, we combine chitosan nanoparticles with Jerusalem artichoke plant. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to assess, by sensory, chemical, and microbiological tests, the effects of Jerusalem artichoke chitosan nanoparticles on the shelf life and quality of shrimp popcorn at different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, and 0.5%). Samples treated with Jerusalem artichoke chitosan nanoparticles saw a 12-day shelf-life extension at 4 ± 1 °C, but untreated samples only saw a 6-day shelf-life extension at the same temperature. On the other hand, the data obtained showed that during the storage period (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12) days, shrimp popcorn samples treated with 0.5% Jerusalem artichoke chitosan nanoparticles significantly reduced the total aerobic bacterial count (TBC), total coliforms count, and total yeast and mould count.

Nile tilapia aquaculture is a fast-growing industrial sector in Egypt. However, the progress of this industry is hindered by many challenges as poor water quality and associated bacterial infections. Aeromonas hydrophila is an important zoonotic waterborne aquatic pathogen responsible for severe outbreaks in tilapia culture so the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia fish and their aquaculture water, the fish and water samples were collected from three farms located in Assiut and Minia Governorates, Egypt. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from tilapia five organs including liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and gills with a percentage of 7.1%, 6.5%, 9.1%, 5.1%, 11.7%, receptively, and from water samples with 59.7%. The isolates were molecularly confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila in 70.9% and 82.4% of the tested isolates using 16s RNA and gyr-β primers, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila isolates revealed a marked resistance for the tested antibiotics; amoxicillin and novobiocin (100%), streptomycin (71.4 %), chloramphenicol (57%), doxycycline and trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole (50%), colistin (43%), ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (14%). The isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance indexes ranging from 0.3 to 1. The present study highlights the Aeromonas hydrophila resistance and virulence, tilapia aquaculture health hazard to the human population, so adequate control measures should be applied. Furthermore, there is an essential need to promote an alternative non-antibiotic control in farmed fish.