Objective: Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus Linton & Harbach, a coastal mosquito (also called a brack¬ish mosquito), is a secondary vector species of malaria distributed throughout eastern and south¬ern regions of Thailand. This research aimed to investigate the differences of wing size and shape of this female Aonpheles species in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand occurring over time between 2015 and 2017. Materials and Methods: Coordinates of 13 landmarks were selected and digitized. Centroid size (CS) was used to estimate wing size. Shape variables were used to estimate wing shape and were calculated from the Generalized Procrustes Analysis following principal components of the par¬tial warp. The statistically significant differences of the average wing size based on CS and wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances in each year were estimated using the non-parametric permutation testing with 1,000 cycles after Bonferroni correction with a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: The A. epiroticus population in year 2016 had the highest average (3.61 mm), and the population in year 2017 had the lowest (3.47 mm). In this study, there was no difference in the size of wing between A. epiroticus population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p > 0.05). The A. epiroticus population in year 2017 was significantly smaller than the population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). All pairwise comparisons of wing shape Mahalanobis distances were significantly different in year 2017 compared with 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate differences of wings occur over time that affect the morpho¬logical variability of A. epiroticus. The differences in weather conditions in each year affect the adaptive and morphological changes of mosquitoes in coastal areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 208-214]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the antimicrobials nisin and lysozyme to control the growth of spoilage bacteria of pasteurized milk during cold storage. Materials and Methods: Nisin, lysozyme, and a mixture of them were inoculated into freshly pasteurized milk at 500 IU/ml concentrations each. The acidity, sensory evaluation, and bacteri¬ological quality of the treated pasteurized milk samples were examined at zero time and every 3 days till the samples showed the signs of spoilage, that were checked every day. Results: Obtained results showed that there was a slight increase of the titratable acidity of the control and treated samples during refrigerated storage, but the acidity increase was significantly lower in samples containing lysosomes and/or nisin than the control samples. Nisin and lyso¬zyme at 500 IU/ml concentration possessed inhibitory effect on the total bacterial, aerobic spore-formers, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the treated samples. The efficacy of nisin 500 IU/ml combined with lysozyme 500 U/ml was assessed and synergistic activity has been detected, that was expressed in the form of higher inhibitory effect and extend¬ing the shelf-life of the samples up to 15 days at cold storage. Moreover, the sensory evaluation showed that nisin and lysozyme does not affect the acceptability of the examined samples. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that nisin and lysozyme have the potential to enhance the post-process bacteriological safety of pasteurized milk during the storage period and could aid in the elimination of post-process contamination and prolong its shelf-life. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 403-408]

Objective: Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. Results: The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. Conclusion: The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as hubs for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 92-99]

Objective: The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in a dairy herd in the northeast of Algiers, Algeria. Materials and methods: The target area is in the northeast of Algiers with humid to semi-dry climate and known for its economically important production of cattle. A total of 1,066 randomly selected individual blood samples of dairy herd collected at 120 dairy farms from rural districts of northeast of Algiers were evaluated with antibodies against BoHV-1 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, to determine the BoHV-1 infection status of the herds. A questionnaire submitted to the farmers during collection of the blood samples was used to collect data on potential BoHV-1 associated risk factors. Results: In the present study, the estimated farm and individual animal BoHV-1 seroprevalence levels were 58.33% and 14.16%, respectively. A logistic regression analysis of the random-effects model revealed that the significant associated risk factors for the present farm and individual animal seroprevalence levels were rural district, cattle introduced to the farm, region, and hygiene. Conclusion: This study found higher seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in the northeast of Algiers. The results could be used in designing the prevention and control strategy of BoHV-1 in the northeastern part of Algeria. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 60-65]

Objective: The study was carried out to detect the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in village chickens sold at Maiduguri poultry markets using phenotypic characterization. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study where 120 samples comprised 50% each of Nasal and cloacal swabs, were, respectively, collected from live village chickens sold at Maiduguri poultry markets and examined for the presence MRSA based on bacterial culture, biochemical characteristics, growth on oxacillin resistant screening agar base, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Results: The study revealed an overall occurrence of 38.33% S. aureus and 32.60% MRSA, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on MRSA positive isolates against seven antimicrobials. All the isolates (100%) exhibited resistance against cefoxitin, whereas the least antimicrobial resistance was recorded against erythromycin and streptomycin each with 26.6%, respectively. In the same way, the highest antibiotic susceptibility in this study was observed against erythromycin (60%) and least susceptibility was against vancomycin and streptomycin with 20% each. A varying intermediate antibiotic susceptibility ranging from 13.33% to 53.33% was observed. Multiple-drug resistance patterns were exhibited by MRSA isolates from this study with 73.3% of the isolates exhibiting resistance to two or more antibiotics. Conclusion: This study has shown the carriage of MRSA by village chickens which calls for serious public health concern and concludes that these birds might have acquired these pathogens from the environment or infected humans since they normally receive no less medical attention. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 163-167]

Objective: The study was carried out to develop a wet litter model with magnesium chloride to assess the effectiveness of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) on growth performance, litter and cecal moisture (LCM) level, cecal consistency (CC) score, and footpad lesions (FPLs) score in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: 1,200 one-day-old chicks were assigned into five groups: normal control, negative control [NTC; treated with 1.7% magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2.6H2O)], and three treatment groups, T1, T2, and T3, where 750, 1,000, and 2,000 gm/ton of PHF, respectively, were supplemented. All the groups were fed a basal diet until day 7. However, the NTC and treat¬ment groups were fed a diet with MgCl2 from days 8 to 42. Results: The addition of MgCl2 for 35 days worsened the growth performance traits in broilers and induced wet litter problems (FPL, high LCM, and poor CC) in the NTC group. However, PHF (750, 1,000, and 2,000 gm/ton) ameliorated the negative effect of a diet with MgCl2 on growth perfor¬mance and wet litter problems, but a better response with respect to LCM and CC was observed in 2,000 gm/ton of PHF group, followed by that in 1,000 gm/ton of PHF group and 750 gm/ton of PHF group on day 42. Conclusion: The wet litter broiler model was developed through excessive feeding of MgCl2, which caused the performance parameters to worsen and the emergence of problems associated with the wet litter. Supplementation with PHF ameliorated these problems and, therefore, it can be used for the management of wet litter in poultry. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 536-543]

Objective: The objective of this research work is to know the productive and reproductive perfor¬mances and problems of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows in selected study areas in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 1,241 local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows were surveyed in the selected areas with a pre-set questionnaire. Among 1,241 buffalo cows, 112 buffalo cows were randomly selected at day 0 of the estrus cycle for studying ovarian features. Results: Results showed that the average age, body condition score, and body weight were sig¬nificantly (p < 0.05) different among the studied breeds. Milk production in Murrah and lactation length in Nilli cows were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than indigenous, crossbred, Nilli, and indig¬enous, crossbred, Murrah buffalo cows, respectively. Results also illustrated that sexual maturity, estrus cycle length, insemination time after the onset of estrus, and gestation length insignifi¬cantly (p > 0.05) varied among the surveyed breed. But, the fallout of the study denoted that estrus duration, first calving age, parity number, number of service per conception, calving inter¬val, and voluntary waiting period varied significantly (p < 0.05) in different breeds. Ovarian phys¬iological characteristics such as vaginal electrical resistance, average number of follicles in two ovaries, and largest follicular diameter, estrogen, and progesterone at day 0 of the estrus cycle of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows showed insignificantly (p > 0.05) differences. Conclusion: The study will help the veterinarian and researcher to identify the constraints for the reproductive efficiency of buffalo in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 553-560]

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of fermentation using Chrysonillia crassa and Monascus purpureus on nutritional qualities, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the used rice as a poultry feed ingredient. Materials and Methods: The used rice was soaked, steamed, and spread on a tray to cool. Suspension of M. purpureus or C. crassa was inoculated on the steamed used rice, and then mixed thoroughly. Afterward, the mixture was spread out on the tray, which was then covered with an aluminum foil. It was aerobically incubated for 7 and 4 days for the M. purpureus- and C. crassa-inoculated used rice, respectively. Subsequent to sun drying, the fermented used rice was grounded and analyzed. Results: Crude protein and ash contents were higher (p < 0.05) in the used rice fermented with C. crassa or M. purpureus than in the unfermented. Conversely, carbohydrate content was lower (p < 0.05) in the fermented compared with the unfermented. Gross energy and energy from fat were higher (p < 0.05) in the used rice fermented with M. purpureus than the unfermented. Amino acids L-methionine, L-serine, L-glutamic acid, L-valine glycine, L-leucine, L proline, L-threonine, L-histidine, and L-Sistine were higher (p < 0.05) in M. purpureus-fermented used rice than in C. crassa-fermented and the unfermented used rice. However, amino acids L-isoleucine, L- alanine, L-lysine, and L-tryptophan were higher (p < 0.05) in the used rice fermented with both C. crassa and M. purpureus, compared with the unfermented. L-tyrosine content was higher (p < 0.05) in M. purpureus-fermented used rice than in the unfermented. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the fermented products were higher (p < 0.05) than that of the unfermented. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of the fermented products against Staphylococcus aureus were higher (p < 0.05) than that of the unfermented used rice. Conclusion: In conclusion, the used rice fermented using C. crassa and M. purpureus improved the nutritional quality, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 168-173]

Objective: This study aims at investigating the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (common name: Green tea) and Azadirachta indica (common name: Neem) leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were processed and extracted by 99% ethanol and recon¬stituted with 50% ethanol before testing. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. Nutrient agar plate was used to estimate the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Maximum ZDI value was observed for green tea against MRSA (7.5 mm) and minimum for neem (4.9 mm). Moreover, the highest ZDI against STEC was also for green tea and the com¬bination of green tea and neem (4.5 mm). The MIC values of green tea extract were 15.625 and 31.25 mg/ml against MRSA and STEC, respectively, whereas the MIC of neem was 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively. The combination had similar MIC (46.87 mg/ml) against both organ¬isms. Green tea showed the lowest MBC values, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/ml, against MRSA and STEC, respectively. However, MBC of neem and the combination against MRSA and STEC were found >250 mg/ml, >500 mg/ml and 93.75 mg/ml, >375 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Green tea and neem leaves showed good antimicrobial effects and can be used to explore novel antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and STEC. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 247-252]

Meat-based food such as meatball and sausages are important sources of protein needed for the human body. Due to different prices, some unethical producers try to adulterate high-price meat such as beef with lower priced meat like pork and rat meat to gain economical profits, therefore, reliable and fast analytical techniques should be developed, validated, and applied for meat traceability and authenticity. Some instrumental techniques have been applied for the detection of meat adulteration, mainly relied on DNA and protein using polymerase chain reaction and chromatographic methods, respectively. But, this method is time-consuming, needs a sophisticated instrument, involves complex sample preparation which make the method is not suitable for routine analysis. As a consequence, a simpler method based on spectroscopic principles should be continuously developed. Food samples are sometimes complex which resulted in complex chemical responses. Fortunately, a statistical method called with chemometrics could solve the problems related to complex chemical data. This mini-review highlights the application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with numerous chemometrics techniques for authenticity and traceability of meat and meat-based products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 9-17]