Objective: This research aimed to evaluate in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) emissions, and the relationship between the nutritional content and CH4 emissions of tropical feedstuffs to formulate low CH4-emitting feeds for ruminants. Materials and Methods: Eighteen feedstuffs, including roughages (3 crop residues, 2 silages, 3 common grasses, and 4 leguminous fodder) and 6 concentrates, were evaluated using the Hohenheim Gas Test. Approximately 200 mg of feed were incubated with a rumen fluid-buffer solution for 72 h to test gas production (GP) and 120 mg for 24 h to determine the CH4 con-centration in the gas. Digestibility of organic matter (dOM) and metabolizable energy (ME) were calculated using GP data. Results: Leguminous fodder contained the highest crude protein (CP) concentration (166–314 gm/kg dry matter (DM)), followed by common grasses (52–147 gm/kg DM) and silages (94–106 gm/kg DM), but the lowest concentration of detergent fiber fractions. Crushed wheat and maize had higher dOM and ME (87.8% and 90.9%, and 14.4 MJ/kg DM and 13.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively), and their CH4 concentration (% of GP) and CH4 emissions (L CH4/kg dOM) followed a similar trend as the other feedstuffs. The dOM and ME of German grass and Ipil-ipil were higher, whereas the CH4 concentration and CH4 emissions were lower compared to crop residues and other common grasses. The CH4 emissions originating from the feedstuffs were positively correlated with the concentration of neutral detergent fiber and GP and negatively correlated with CP. Conclusion: Our result provides an opportunity to select feed ingredients with higher digestibility and concurrently less CH4 emissions in formulating diets for ruminants when using commonly available feed resources in many tropical countries. This may enhance animal productive performances while reducing the impact of animal production on the environment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 924-935]

Bovine brucellosis is an enduring and formidable challenge in Bangladesh. In this first comprehensive review, we explored the historical, current, and future perspectives of bovine brucellosis outbreaks in Bangladesh. Data spanning from 1984 to 2023 regarding bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh were gathered from literature, reviews, conference papers, and online reports using various search engines and software tools. We considered 29 published documents and analyzed them thoroughly to evaluate the current status of bovine brucellosis for the present comprehensive review. We also suggest policy and other frameworks to mitigate and control the disease on a national scale. Bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh affects various livestock and poses economic burdens due to reduced milk and meat production with potential risks to human health. Over the past decade (2013-2023), the ruminant population in Bangladesh has increased substantially (between 1.46 and 26.95 million individuals), with goats showing the most significant growth, while financial losses due to bovine brucellosis have risen steadily, emphasizing its economic impact (basis on species between Euro currency 12.824 and 298.272). This review highlights brucellosis prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and traditional management practices contributing to its spread. Our findings indicate that bovine brucellosis was reported and prevalent in mild to severe forms across 26 districts of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has initiated measures such as vaccination and awareness campaigns, but effective control remains challenging due to diverse farming systems and resource constraints. A one-health approach is advocated for future strategies, emphasizing community engagement and multidisciplinary efforts to address the complex challenges posed by bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh, ultimately aiming to safeguard livestock health, public health, and economic stability. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 888-913]

Objective: This study was designed to determine the molecular prevalence of hemoparasites and their associations with Mafriwal cattle's age groups. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal veins of calves (n = 92), yearlings (n = 95), lactating (n = 90), and dry (n = 94) cows, which were subjected to microscopic and molecular identification of hemoparasites. The prevalence rate was determined based on the proportion of infected samples in the observed samples. Associations between hemoparasitism and different age groups of Mafriwal cattle were determined by the odds ratio and Fisher's exact test. Results: Babesia bigemina was the most prevalent hemoparasite in monospecies infection (20.8%), while the co-infection of Anaplasma marginale and B. bigemina (36.4%) had the highest molecular prevalence. Highly significant associations of hemoparasitism were observed between calves and yearlings (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 21.340, 95% CI = 3.200–907.871), lactating (p < 0.01, Odds ratio = 6.600, 95% CI = 1.808–36.516), and dry (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 10.457, 95% CI = 2.363–96.242) cows. Nevertheless, calves and yearlings were 2–4 times more likely to be co-in¬fected with multiple hemoparasite species in comparison to older age groups. Conclusion: Mafriwal cattle were more susceptible to hemoparasitism with advancing age, but the younger calves were more prone to be co-infected with multiple hemoparasite species. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 384-391]

Objective: The abundance of tick populations in South Africa represents a probable risk for both animal and human health. Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. are well-known agents of emerging human tick-borne infectious diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of their infec¬tions has been underreported in South Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to profile zoonotic Rickettsia and Borrelia species from ticks infesting domesticated animals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Materials and Methods: Morphological and molecular identification techniques were conducted on 1,200 tick samples collected from domestic animals before screening for the target bacterial pathogens. The molecular identification of the tick samples was based on the amplification of the 12S rRNA mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid. At the same time, those of Rickettsia and Borrelia species were carried out by amplifying fragments of gltA and ompB genes for Rickettsia and flaB gene for Borrelia spp. Thereafter, the positive amplicons for Rickettsia ompB were sequenced and further analyzed. Borrelia PCRs were negative; therefore, sequencing could not be performed. Results: Eight species of ticks belonging to three genera; Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Haemaphysalis, were identified. A total of 27% (320/1,200) samples were confirmed positive for Rickettsia, of which 23% (74/320) were positive for ompB genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ompB revealed a high homology to rickettsial reference strains from GenBank, with no positive result for Borrelia. The generated sequences showed homology with R. africae-KX227790 (100%), R. parkeri-KY113111 (99.8%), R. peacockii (99.3%), and R. slovaca-JX683122 (99.1%) representative sequences in GenBank. Conclusion: The findings from this study revealed that ticks harbored Rickettsia species with possible zoonotic potential. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 254-263]

Objective: The study aims to understand the effect of new antibiotic-substituting supplements in feeding chickens of the Hisex Brown cross in industrial conditions. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 hatched chicks were randomly selected and distributed into Control, Test I, and Test II groups, with 3 replicates of 24 birds in three treatments. Results: At the end of the experiment, BW of T1/T2 birds was higher by 6.12% (p [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 429-438]

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of Andaliman fruit extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA-1) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse models induced with streptozocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: In this research, mice were allocated into six distinct groups: normal, negative control (HFD and STZ), positive control (metformin, HFD, and STZ), and three treatment groups (HFD, STZ, and Andaliman extract at varying dosages of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, respec¬tively). Body weight and blood glucose levels (BGLs) were recorded at weeks 1 (baseline), 8, 12, and 16. The levels of TNF-α and TRPA-1 were measured during the 16th week. Results: Phytochemical screening of the Andaliman extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The one-way ANOVA revealed significantly elevated BGL at week 16 in the negative control group in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons showed that the negative control had significantly higher TNF-α levels than the Andaliman-groups (z = 22.11, p < 0.01). TRPA-1 was significantly higher in the negative control group compared to the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman's rho analysis revealed a statistically significant positive associ¬ation between BGL and both TNF-α and TRPA-1, as well as between TNF-α and TRPA. Conclusion: Andaliman extract potentially serves as a therapy for diabetic neuropathy in T2DM by lowering BGL and inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and TRPA-1. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 284-290]

Objective: The purpose of the paper was to monitor the disease incidence in farm and wild animals in some areas of Kazakhstan, which are most susceptible to leptospirosis, and the typifi¬cation of isolated pathogens, carried out under the scientific and technical program "Studying the epizootological characteristics of the country territory on particularly dangerous diseases and developing veterinary and sanitary measures to improve their effectiveness" in 2021–2023. Materials and Methods: The material included the reports of veterinary laboratories on leptospi¬rosis in recent years, as well as laboratory tests on samples carried out at the "SANA" research and development enterprise. During this period, 6,701 serum samples from farm animals and 86,651 serum samples from rodents were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The serological results showed antibody titers in the blood of 6.32% of cattle, 5.4% of sheep, 4.2% of horses, and 1.8% of pigs. The highest number of positive samples were found in Turkestan (12.3%), Almaty (11.7%), and Kyzylorda (11.4%) regions. Infection in rodents was lower and ranged from 0.34% to 0.07% during these years. The population of leptospira-causing diseases of animals on the territory of the country is represented by 8 serogroups. Studies in 2022 on the detection of pathogenic leptospires by polymerase chain reaction in 350 samples of blood serum from animals and 350 samples of biomaterial from rodents from different regions of Kazakhstan were negative. Conclusion: Studies conducted as part of this work will help reduce the incidence of disease among the population and animals in Kazakhstan. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 439-448]

Objective: This study aimed to detect Toxocara cati in cats by microscopic and molecular analysis using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 200 cat feces samples were taken from various private veterinarian clinics in Baghdad. To identify eggs of T. cati by the flotation method, DNA from 100 cat feces was extracted, and one pair of ITS2 region-specific primers was used for polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing. Results: Toxocara cati infection rate was found to be 23 out of 100 fecal samples using PCR. Ten DNA product sequence data studies showed 98%–100% similarity to the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences found in the Gene Bank. The study incidence showed that the overall infection rate by microscopic examination was 23%, with no significant difference between stray cats (27%), and domestic cats (19%). After studying the effect of several epidemiological parameters on the infec¬tion rate, it was found that the infection rates of stray and domestic cats were higher in kittens under six months of age, at 46.1% and 27%, respectively, whereas rates were lower for the adult than six months was 11.5% of domestic cats and 14.7% of stray cats. The percentage of stray and domestic male cats that were registered was 35.5%, whereas the female cats registered were 20.6% and 17.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Cats are significant clinical reservoirs for zoonotic parasites. In Iraq, Baghdad has a high incidence of T. cati detections. Compared to conventional methods, PCR is thought to be a more sensitive, accurate diagnostic procedure that confirms the species' identity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 392-397]

Objective: There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D ( + ) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. Results: The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum's late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum's immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this associa¬tion. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Conclusion: Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 418-428]

Objective: Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various thera¬peutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive. Materials and Methods: The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Results: Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene. Conclusion: The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 237-246]