Objective: This study was aimed at studying efficacy of medical management of corneal opacity in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Material and methods: A 42 years old male Asian elephant was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of chronic lacrimation and impaired vision. On clinical examination, the animal was found apparently healthy. Opthalmological examination tentatively revealed the condition as corneal opacity. The left eye was much more affected as compared to the right one. Medical management was instituted with topical administration of ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, subconjunctival prednisolone and dexamethasone along with intramuscular ketoprofen (at 1 mg/Kg bwt) and vitamin A (at 5000 IU/Kg bwt). Results: The mahout (elepenat caretaker) of the elephant was kept in close contact over cell phone to follow up the progress of the condition. Clinical examination after 19 days revealed complete recovery of the cornel opacity. There was no sign of lacrimation and the animal regained its normal vision. Conclusion: The treatment protocol successfully eliminated the discomfort along with corneal opacity and lacrimation in an Asian elephant. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 98-100]

Objective: The objectives of our study were to estimate the effect of some non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits of Egyptian buffaloes and to estimate the breeding values for these traits. Materials and Methods: Data from 965 lactation records of 305 Egyptian buffalo cows mated by 73 sires that were raised at Mahallet Mousa Experimental farms of Animal Production Research Institute were collected. Dairy records covered the period from 2001 to 2015. The data were arranged and statistically analyzed using SAS version 9.1.3 to study the effect of non-genetic factors and the MTDFREMAL program was included in estimating the expected breeding values. Results: Our results showed that buffalo cows that calved in winter season recorded the highest and significant total milk yield (TMY) and daily milk yield (DMY) traits and the best reproductive performance was indicated by the lower number of services per conception and the shortest calving interval (CI) period. Moreover, age at first calving and dry period (DP) showed a highly significant effect on the TMY and DMY. A significant effect for the level of milk production on days open (DO) period was recorded in our study. The range of sires EBV was 540 kg, 295.2 days, 113.9 days, 2.8 months, and 71.1 days for TMY, LL, DO, CI, and DP, respectively. Conclusion: Buffalos breeders must consider the season of calving, parity, and DP in management program because they greatly affect the farm productivity and profitability and they must select animals with higher breeding values to be the parent of the next generation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 374-380]

Objective: The study was carried out to analyze the various phytochemical properties and to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Parkia biglobosa methanolic leaf extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the methanol extract were conducted using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the P. biglobosa methanolic leaf extract on sheep and human MRSA isolates was investigated by disc diffusion method. The extract was tested at different concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL and norfloxacin (10 µg) as control. The MIC/MBC were determined by serial dilution method in broth media. Results: the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids while TLC result revealed 5 spots with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.14, 0.34, 0.42, 0.56 and 0.66 depicting different component using methanol and chloroform at the ratio of 4:1 as solvent system. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of the extract on MRSA isolates cultured on agar plate revealed a dose dependent response. The extract had the highest DIZ average replicate value of 20.66±1.76 against human MRSA isolates and 20.66±1.20 was recorded as highest DIZ on the sheep MRSA isolates. Norfloxacin had the highest DIZ of 20.33±0.57 on sheep MRSA isolates and 20.33±1.52 DIZ against human isolates. MIC/MBC revealed the highest values of 6.25 mg/mL/12.5 mg/mL for both sheep and human MRSA isolates. Conclusion: The susceptibility test of crude methanol extract of P. biglobosa leaf has revealed activity against MRSA. Thereby, attesting to the folkloric claim of using P. biglobosa for ethno-therapeutic purposes against infectious diseases in Nigeria and other places. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 173-181]

Objective: This current study was subjected to investigate the influence of two-stage fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products. Materials and methods: Two-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa (inoculated in advance; single-step fermentation) and B. subtilis (inoculated later; two-step fermentation) was conducted on agro-industrial by-products, i.e., banana peel meals, cassava pulp, and rice bran. The pH measurement, microbial enumeration, proximate, and antioxidant analyses were conducted following 4- and 2-days aerobic incubation with Ch. crassa and B. subtilis, respectively. Results: The pH of banana peels and cassava pulp increased with Ch. crassa-fermentation, but then decreased following B. subtilis-fermentation. Chrysonilia crassa-fermentation did not change, but B. subtilis-fermentation decreased pH of rice bran. The number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in two-stage than in single-stage fermented by-products. Crude protein and fat were higher in fermented than in unfermented banana peels. Crude protein was higher in single- and two-stage fermented, while fat higher in single-stage fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Crude fat and ash contents increased with fermentation in rice bran. Single-stage fermentation increased some of amino acids contents in banana peels and cassava pulp. The concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant potential of banana peels reduced with fermentation. Total polyphenols and tannins were higher, whereas antioxidant activity was lower in fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Total polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were lower in two-stage than in single-stage fermented and unfermented rice bran. Conclusion: Single-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa improved nutritional characteristics of agro-industrial by-products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 472-480]

Objective: The present study was aimed to isolate and identify the egg-borne bacteria from different parts of duck eggs such as egg shell (outer and inner), yolk and albumen, and to assess the anti-biogram profile of the isolated bacteria. Materials and methods: A total of 40 samples were collected randomly from different grocery shops of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Campus and Kaowatkhali, Mymensingh. Following necessary preparation, the samples were streaked onto various selective media like Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (for Salmonella spp.), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) (for E. coli), and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar (for Staphylococcus spp.) respectively for isolation of bacteria. The bacteria were confirmed based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was performed using seven antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Kanamycin and Cephalexin) by following disc diffusion method. Results: E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified from the duck egg samples. Prevalence of E coli in outer egg shell was 80%, whereas in inner egg shell and inner egg content, this prevalence was 20% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 75%, 17.5% and 7.5% in outer egg shell, inner egg shell and inner egg content, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 82.5% in outer egg shell, 22.5% in inner egg shell and 12.5% in inner content of egg. All these three bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cephalexin. Conclusion: The duck eggs harbor multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria which may impose public health hazards if these MDR bacteria are transferred to human through food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 110-116]

Objective: The objective of this research was to study the histological structures of proventriculus by light and scanning electron microscope and to investigate the localization of glucagon immunoreactive cells within the turkey proventriculus. Materials and methods: Ten adult healthy turkeys were used in this study. The specimens were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The tissue samples were studied through routine histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Other samples were used for scanning microscope. Results: This study confirmed that the turkey proventriculus was formed from four tunics; tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The lamina epithelialis was simple columnar and gave positive reaction in Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain. The lamina propria contained simple tubular glands lined with columnar cells with lymphocyte infiltration. The submucosa contained proventricular glands formed with many round lobules. Each lobule was consisted of secretory tubules radiating from the central lumen of the lobule. The lining epithelium of the central lumen was columnar epithelium. The epithelium of the secretory tubules was cuboidal. Scanning electron microscopic observations showed the mucous membrane was consisted of many macroscopic papillae that formed from many folds which separated by furrows. Immunohistochemical observations revealed that glucagon immunoreactive cells were mainly determined inside the proventricular glands than within the surface epithelium mainly in the basal portion of the lobules and in the epithelium of central lumen of gland lobules. Conclusion: The structure of proventriculus structure in turkey has some variations as compared to other species of birds, and this may be attributed to the diet and its nutritious behavior. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 290-298]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to report surgical correction of ureteric rupture due to stenosis induced secondary to accidental injury by placing nephrovesical subcutaneous ureteric bypass in a dog and postoperative long term outcomes. Materials and methods: Imaging techniques revealed multiple bone fractures as well as left proximal ureter injury. The all bone fractures were corrected using standard techniques while left proximal ureter injury was treated as conservation medical therapy. One month later, contrast media were also found in proximal ureter and abdomen which indicated ureter rupture. This rupture was corrected surgically by nephrovesical subcutaneous ureteric bypass (SUB) under fluoroscopy guidance. Results: First day after accidental injury, the serum BUN and CRE were 10.7 mg/dL and 0.9 mg/dL, respectively which indicated kidney injury but by conservative therapy these parameters were lowered gradually. On the 5th day after considering these parameters, the dog was judged normal. However, on the 31st day BUN and CRE were 14.3 mg/dL and 0.8 mg/Kg, respectively. The Doppler ultrasonography revealed hydroneprosis, proximal ureter stenosis and high resistive index (0.72±0.02) in the renal arcuate artery indicating renal abnormalities due to ureter obstruction. On re-examination by radiography after one month postoperatively, revealed that patency of the device and normal renal function. The dog was clinically normal with normal urination and no complications were found 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion: In view of the above findings, it is suggested that the SUB system can be a better alternative to preserve the kidney in non-reparable traumatic ureteral damage in dogs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 247-254]

Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of probiotic Chrysonilia crassa in comparison with zinc bacitracin, commercial probiotic Bacillus subtilis, and herbal medicine waste on growth, intestinal microbiology, and blood indices of broilers. Materials and methods: Three hundreds of Lohmann day-old chicks were allocated to control diet (basal diet; CONT), basal diet with antibiotic zinc bacitracin (AZB), basal diet with B. subtilis (PROB), basal diet with C. crassa (PROC), and basal diet with herbal medicine waste (HERBW). Sample collections were conducted on day 34 of the experiment. Results: PROB showed greater (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 332-342]

Objectives: We investigated the impact of rice gruel as an alternative energy source of molasses as well as measured the effectiveness of rice gruel on the physiology of the rumen environment and the growth performance of growing lamb. Materials and methods: A number of 18 sheep with an average age of 7 months and mean body weight of 5.9 kg were selected and divided into three groups for 60 days long feeding trial with urea molasses straw (UMS), urea rice gruel straw (URS), and concentrate feed. Every fortnight interval, live weight was recorded and rumen liquor from every group was collected four times before and after feeding at 4-h interval to examine the rumen environment. Results: Color, odor, consistency, and protozoal motility remain unchanged in all three groups. The pH of the rumen liquor was highest at 8 h of post feeding among three groups. The bacterial count (6.1 × 1010) was higher in the group that consuming UMS than URS and concentrate feed. The rumen protozoa also showed a similar growth pattern in proportion to a number of rumen bacteria. At the end of the 60 days feeding trial, no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the three groups in contrast to body weight gain. Conclusion: In the current feeding trial, the close similar effectiveness of rice gruel and molasses was found as a fermentable energy source. However, we suggest that rice gruel can be supplemented as a substitute for molasses under the situation when molasses are not available or expensive in field condition. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4.000): 432-438]

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the newly arrived pure breed sheep considering antibody against some diseases and immunization of the animal against endemic diseases of hosting area according to species. Materials and methods: A total of 42 pure exotic breed of sheep, originated from Australia namely Parendale (n=14), Suffolk (n=13) and Dorper (n=15), imported by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) were used in this study. Before shifting the animals to sheep farm, 1-month quarantine was done in an isolated shed by following step by step technique; first week was used for close observation, second week for immunization of animal against endemic diseases, third week for monitoring and observation against immunization, and the fourth week was used for determination of animal health status and immunity level. On day 1 and 2, the sheep remained at full rest along with supplied habituated feed, saline and drinking water. On day 3, fecal sample was collected from all animals to measure parasitic load. On day 4, blood and oculo-nasal discharge samples were collected to detect blood protozoa, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), foot and mouth disease (FMD) and other infectious zoonotic diseases like anthrax, brucellosis and tuberculosis. In the second week, immunization was done against PPR, FMD and hemorrhagic septisemia (HS) at two days interval. Farm biosecurity and biosafety for the workers and officers was maintained according to standard guideline. In the third week, the animals continued to be under close observation. On day 29, the antibody level produced due to vaccination was measured. Results: Parasitic load was found to be very low, and blood protozoa, PPR, FMD, anthrax, brucellosis and tuberculosis were negative. The antibody titer was detected at the acceptable level in sheep on day 29. The quarantine committee decided that the sheep were ready to transfer to the farm along with some recommendations. After completion of 1-month quarantine period, all sheep could not transmit any diseases in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Quarantine is mandatory for entering any new animal in a new area that gives the outline of different new diseases. It also acts as radar of exotic disease in a country. So, this quarantine technique serves the purpose for livestock owners effectively. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 67-72]