Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between pelvic measurements viz pelvic width (PW), pelvic height (PH) and pelvic area (PA), and linear body measurement traits viz body weight (BW), shoulder height (SH), chest depth (CD), Hindquarters width (HW), rump length (RL), hip height (HH), body length (BL) and also calve birth weight (CBW) under different calving ease scores viz no assistance, gently pull and hard pull. Material and methods: A total number of fifty-one first calf Sussex heifers at 24 months old, weighing approximately 450 kg were used for this study. A number of two, two-year-old bulls, weighing approximately 800 kg were used for mating the fifty-one heifers with a bull to cow ratio of (1:30 and 1:21). The fertility of bulls was assessed by a private veterinarian before the mating season. Calving ease was scored as follows: 1 = no assistance during parturition (normal), 2 = heifer assistance as gently pull, 3 = heifer assistance as hard pull, 4 = heifer cannot calf, 5 = heifer calved a dead calf, and 6 = heifer calf with abnormal position. Results: Descriptive statistics indicated that PH (p < 0.01) and RL (p < 0.05) were significant different among calving ease scores. Correlation findings for no assistance score revealed that CBW was positively significantly correlated (p < 0.05) PH and low significant (p < 0.01) with HW, HH, RL, PW, CD and SH, respectively. CART results demonstrated that HH and PH play an important role in predicting calving ease on Sussex heifers. Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is a relationship between pelvic areas and linear body measurements. This study might help farmers during breeding to lower incidents of dystocia during parturition. However, further studies need to be done in CART modelling with the main aim of reducing dystocia in Sussex heifer or larger sample size. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 164-172]

Objective: The work aimed to determine the state of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of the antioxidant system in cats with aseptic inflammation and purulent-inflammatory processes of varying severity. Materials and Methods: The intensity of the process of lipid peroxidation- antioxidant system processes in blood plasma was evaluated using commercial kits. The level of diene conjugates (DC), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the level of medium-weight molecules were deter¬mined from lipid peroxidation indices. The state of antioxidant protection was assessed by indi¬cators of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CT), ceruloplasmin (CP) concentration, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase (GLR), and total antioxidant activity (AOA). Results: With aseptic inflammation in the blood of cats, a slow activation of peroxidation reactions occurred. The DC indicator increased by 1.4 times, the SOD level rose by 1.38 times, the amount of GLR by 1.04 times, and the activation of total AOA by 9.06. In sepsis, the values of DC, MDA, and medium-weight molecules increased by 4.4, 8.4, and 8.8 times, respectively. With abscesses in the blood of cats, an increase in CT, CP, and GLR is observed against a background of a decrease in glutathione peroxidase. With purulent wounds, the total AOA of plasma increases by 2.5 times; with abscesses, the total AOA increases by 1.9 times, and with sepsis, it decreases by 1.5 times. Conclusion: With surgical infections in cats, deep biochemical changes or irreversible biochemical changes (in sepsis) occur that indicate a significantly enhanced catabolic orientation of metabolic processes and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to damage and a decrease in tissue regenerative capacity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 210-217]

Objective: Natural substances found in dietary sources and medicinal plants have attracted con¬siderable attention in recent years as chemopreventive agents. Spirulina is a blue-green alga that possesses chemopreventive properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spirulina on rats with inorganic arsenic (As) [sodium arsenite (NaAsO2)]-induced lipid peroxidation. Materials and Methods: 120 rats were randomly assigned to 10 groups and designated T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, and T9. One group was kept as a control (T0) that received no treatment. The seven groups received 3.0 mg of NaAsO2/kg body weight in drinking water and were given spirulina ad libitum. T1 was treated with NaAsO2 but not with spirulina. Two groups of rats (T2 and T3), on the other hand, were treated with spirulina without receiving any As (NaAsO2). T2 received agro-based spirulina (Ab-Sp; grown in 1.5% soybean meal media and harvested on day 12 of seed inoculation) at 2.0 gm/kg feed, whereas T3 received commercially available spirulina (Com-Sp) at 2.0 gm/kg feed. T4, T5, and T6 were concurrently treated with Ab-Sp at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 gm/ kg of feed. On the other hand, T7, T8, and T9 induced by NaAsO2 were concurrently treated with Com-Sp at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 gm/kg feed. All groups received treatment for 90 days. Results: The efficacy of both spirulina in preventing lipid peroxidation caused by As was deter¬mined quantitatively by measuring the rats serum malondialdehyde (MDA). The results indicated that As supplementation increased serum MDA levels, whereas both types of spirulina signifi¬cantly decreased them. The highest dose of Ab-Sp (2.0 gm/kg feed) was found to be the most effective in preventing lipid peroxidation in rats treated with inorganic As. Conclusion: Ab-Sp could be a natural, cost-effective, and safe measure to mitigate As toxicity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 330-338]

Objective: Humpback (hpbk) mice harbor a pathogenic mutation in the Notch3 gene and can serve as a beneficial animal model for investigating human myopathy, kyphosis, and developmen¬tal disorders, including lateral meningocele syndrome. Detection of the point mutation in hpbk mice is important for maintaining strains and scrutinizing genetic rescues, especially considering that homozygous mice are infertile and indistinguishable from their littermates at a young age. This study aimed for the development of a novel, precise, and time-saving genotyping method to identify the mutation in hpbk mice. Materials and Methods: In order to study the hpbk mouse line, we describe how we applied sev¬eral tools, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex tetra-primer ampli¬fication-refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) and Sanger sequencing, toward the recognition of heterozygous and homozygous mice. Results: The Notch3 mutation was clearly identified using qPCR and ARMS assays, but the latter was a more precise and cost-effective approach. The lengths of the ARMS-PCR amplicons are 210 bp and 164 bp for the wild-type and hpbk alleles, respectively. Moreover, the genotyping results for each mouse were corroborated by Sanger DNA sequencing. Conclusion: Our newly developed PCR-based ARMS system affords a swift and precise way to genotype the hpbk mice. ARMS-PCR does not rely on any advanced equipment and is useful as a genotyping method for other model organisms that harbor a pathogenic variant. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 7-13]

Objective: The purpose of this work was to investigate the combination of early-age acclimation and linseed dietary inclusion in enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in broilers meat as a strategy to mitigate heat stress. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 broiler chicks were assigned to four experimental groups with four duplicates (25 animals each): C: control (basal diet), AC: early-age acclimated (basal diet), Cl: fed 5% ground linseed, and Acl: early-age acclimated and fed 5% ground linseed. The lipid and fatty acid contents of different parts (breast, thigh, liver, subcutaneous, and abdominal fat) of broilers were determined. Results: Low levels of lipids and unsaturated fatty acids have been found in the meat of accli¬mated broilers. Higher levels of linolenic acids were noted in Cl thigh meat compared to C (6% vs. 2.68%, respectively). The results showed that oleic and linoleic acids constitute a large part of the PUFAs of different meats. The most elevated levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were recorded in the breast meat of AcL animals. The highest content of omega-3 was recorded in the liver of AcL animals compared to that of C (14.98% vs. 7.8%, respectively). Conclusion: We suggest that the combination of treatments during hot conditions has led to the reversion of the environment-affected variables to accepted values, and yields better ther¬moresistance, PUFA-enriched meat, and safeguard animal health which conferred to birds better solutions to reduce fatigue and hypoxic activities, which induces a considerable consumption of oxygen. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 237-245]

Objective: The effect of seasonality needs to be considered in designing future studies because global warming has caused a rise in ambient temperatures. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of high ambient temperatures on fecal score and fecal microflora in dairy cows during summer. Materials and Methods: During the 7 days before the sampling of feces, the daily mean tempera¬tures were 19.9°C in early summer and more than 27.5°C in late summer. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum of cows and the fecal score was evaluated on a 4-point scale. The equalized samples were used to extract the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium). Results: There was no significant difference in fecal scores between the sampling times in early and late summer. In the populations of the bacteria, there was no significant difference between sampling days in the DNA level of Salmonella, and E. coli in late summer increased to more than three times the level in early summer. However, both levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in early summer significantly decreased after 2 months. Conclusion: These data suggest that the increase in temperature in late summer may adversely affect the populations of bacteria in the intestinal environment of dairy cows. In addition, the method used in the present study was sufficient to evaluate the changes in internal and external environmental conditions of dairy cattle. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 307-311]

Objective: Previously, we have shown that predicted zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B (P-G3MZ19) existed in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) saliva. It was suggested that P-G3MZ19 is a mem¬ber of the mannose-binding lectin family that plays an essential role in innate immunity. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the structure and ligand-binding of P-3MZ19 in Bali cattle saliva. Materials and Methods: Saliva of four adult healthy Bali cattle was collected, lyophilized, and subjected to two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. The target spot of around 17 kDa related to P-G3MZ19 was excised for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spec¬trometer/time-of-flight mass spectrometer mass spectrometry analysis and sequencing. The structure and the ligand-binding of P-3MZ19 were analyzed using bioinformatics software pro¬grams published elsewhere. Results: Based on Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement the 3D model of P-G3MZ19 was suggested to have similarities to exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18); while its ligand-binding sites consisted of seven residues, i.e., 25aa-26aa (Gly-Gly), 95aa (Phe), 138aa (Tyr), 140aa (Leu), 141aa (Gly), and 143aa (Thr). Conclusion: The structure of P-G3MZ19 of Bali cattle saliva and its ligand-binding sites have been successfully determined by using bioinformatics techniques. The biological and immunological roles of the peptide are currently under investigation based on P-G3MZ19 synthetic peptides. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 224-229]

Objective: The papers primary goal is to report the devastating impact of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on rat testicular tissue and the possible protecting function of propolis against CCl4 based on its free radical scavenging and inflammatory relief properties. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 adult male albino rats had been classified into four groups (six rats/group). Rats of group 1 served as control, whereas groups 24 received propolis (200 mg/kg/day), CCl4 (3 ml/kg/day), and propolis/CCl4, respectively. After 4 weeks, the collected sera were applied for the estimation of lipid profile and sex hormones. Also, histopathological picture, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene profile was measured in collected testicular tissues. Results: The present information revealed a noteworthy change (p < 0.05) in lipid profile, decrease in testicular weight, testosterone, antioxidants values along with a prominent increase (p < 0.05) in estradiol, lipid peroxidation values, and expression of TNFα in rats administrated with CCl4 com¬pared to control. Moreover, the histopathological profile showed the degeneration of the epithe¬lium. Interestingly, propolis attenuated the destructive effect of CCl4 on rat testes. Conclusion: The examined dose of propolis reduced oxidation, and inflammatory reactions resulted from CCl4 exposure and proved that it might have a helpful part in free radicals inter¬ceded diseases. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 70-77]

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of A,D3,E (I/M) and oregano oil extract 15% on some clinicopathological parameters during lamb bacterial enteritis treatment. Materials and Methods: Sixty Barki lambs, 20 apparently healthy (control group) and, 40 suf¬fered from bacterial enteritis [enteric group (EG)], were subdivided into four treated groups (TGs): antibiotic group (AG), antibiotic + A,D3,E group (A + A,D3,E), antibiotic + oregano oil (AOG), and oregano group (OG). Fecal swabs were collected from EG then aseptically cultured, isolated, phe¬notypically identified, genotypically confirmed, and sequenced by PCR 16srRNA. Paper disk dif¬fusion test was used for estimation of oregano oil extract 15% antibacterial activity. After blood sample aspiration from all animals, they were clinicopathologically and statistically analyzed. Results: Escherichia coli, followed by Salmonella species and then Klebsiella species, was the main causative agents of lamb diarrhea and were susceptible to oregano oil extract 15%. A + A,D3,E and AOG showed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of some clinicopathological parameters more than AG or OG. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), yielded area under the curve, sensitivity, negative predictive value as 1, 100% and 100% respectively, were determined in both EG and TGs. Conclusion: Oregano oil extract 15% has good antibacterial properties against enteric bacteria in vitro and in vivo. The combination between antibiotic and antioxidant vitamins or oregano plant extract of 15% has a good impact on some clinicopathological alterations in lamb bacterial enteri¬tis treatment. TAC, MMP-9, and MMP-2 may be good markers for the disease and its treatment follow-up. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 291-299]

Objective: The feasibility of fermented litter as an alternative feed material for ruminant livestock is measured by organoleptic quality, fiber profile, heavy metal contamination, and the presence of worm eggs. This study aimed to examine the influence of broiler chicken litter fermentation with different fermentation lengths on organoleptic quality, and contents of cuprum (Cu), lead (Pb), worm eggs, fiber fractions including hemicellulose, cellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and fermented litter fiber profile through analysis of scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Materials and Methods: This study used a complete randomized design of a unidirectional pat¬tern with four treatments and four repeats with long fermentation treatments of 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Result: The results showed a real influence (p ≤ 0.05) of fermentation length on organoleptic qual¬ity, NDF, ADF, lignin, hemicellulose, and fiber profile with SEM-EDX observations, with no presence of worm eggs and heavy metal content is still at a safe level for feed materials. Conclusion: This study concluded that the processing of broiler chicken litter with 6 weeks of fer¬mentation gave the best results on organoleptic observations, fiber profile, no presence of worm eggs, and heavy metal contamination that is safe for livestock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 312-322]