Bilateral kidney translocation was performed on 7 adult sheep. In each sheep, we took 9 renal biopsy specimens (40 mg each) percutaneously between 36 and 110 days after surgery. The serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations remained normal, at least through post-operative day 66 (7 biopsy specimens). The 7 sheep were euthanatized and necropsied 113 days after surgery; 75 to 90% of each kidney was normal. The only abnormal areas of each kidney were attributable to resolving biopsy lesions. This surgical model may allow for fewer animals to be used for tissue residue or nephrotoxicity studies.

Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) were investigated as markers for T and B lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissues of dogs of various ages. In the blood study, 4 age groups (n = 8 dogs/group) were used. The mean (+/- SD) percentages of PNA-positive (PNA +) cells were 68.4 +/- 8.6% (group 1, < 1 year old), 70.3 +/- 9.2% (group 2, 1 to 2 years old), 72.0 +/- 3.7% (group 3, 5 to 6 years old), and 63.8 +/- 10.1% (group 4, 10 to 11 years old). The mean percentages of SIg-positive (SIg+) cells in blood were 32.1 +/- 10.6% (group 1), 43.2 +/- 7.0% (group 2), 34.3 +/- 4.8% (group 3), and 35.0 +/- 6.8% (group 4). The mean total percentages of PNA+ and SIg+ cells were 100 +/-6% (group 1), 113.5 +/- 4.9% (group 2), 106.3 +/- 5.3% (group 3), and 98.9 +/- 9.2% (group 4). The proportions of PNA+ and SIg+ cells in dogs of group 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those in dogs of the other groups. Serial changes in PNA+ and SIg+ cells were investigated in blood of 6- to 29-week-old pups (n = 8). A significant (P < 0.05) transient decrease in PNA+ cells and a corresponding increase in SIg+ cells was observed in pups between 14 and 17 weeks old. Lymphoid tissue specimens and blood samples were obtained from 2- to 6-month-old dogs (n = 11) and from 6- to 12-month-old dogs (n = 10). Percentages reflected the combined data from both groups because there were no significant differences between the 2 age groups. The mean percentages of PNA+ cells were: blood, 68.4 +/- 8.6%; thymus, 86.6 +/- 16.3%; spleen, 29.5 +/- 16.0%; lymph node, 48.5 +/- 16.0%; and bone marrow, 30.8 +/- 26.4%. The mean percentage of SIg+ cells were: blood, 32.1 +/- 10.6%; thymus, 3.1 +/- 5.5%; spleen, 69.3 +/- 10.3%; lymph node, 55.4 +/- 15.2%; and bone marrow, 65.4 +/- 22.4%. The procedureto identify T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissue was easy to perform, was reproducible, and could be performed on as few as 10(6) cells. Percentages of T lymphocytes identified compared favorably with those of other studies.

The effect of Fusarium-produced T-2 toxin on tumor growth was evaluated in ICR, CFW, and C57B6/6 mice inoculated with murine sarcoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, or B16F1 melanoma tumor cell lines. Mice were given T-2 toxin intragastrically either at the rate of 2 mg of toxin/kg of body weight daily for 5 days or a single dosage of 4 mg of toxin/kg and were inoculated SC with tumor cells 1 or 2 days after administration of toxin. Tumor growth was assessed 15 to 41 days after tumor challenge by determining the frequency of tumor development and tumor weights. Significant increases in the frequency of development of murine sarcoma (P < 0.005). Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (P < 0.01), and B16F1 melanoma tumors (P < 0.05) were detected in toxin-treated mice, compared with control mice. Murine sarcoma and B16F1 melanoma tumor weights also were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in toxin-treated mice. The effect of T-2 toxin on tumor growth was more marked after 5 daily treatments than after a single dose.

The concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in CSF obtained from the cisterna magna of 21 nonneurologically compromised dogs were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. A rapid method of sample preparation, which involved single filtration through a deproteinizing membrane, was used. Canine CSF obtained in this manner contained 5.78 +/- 0.78 ng of DOPAC/ml, 72.19 +/- 4.09 ng of HVA/ml, and 29.95 +/- 1.67 ng of 5-HIAA/ml. Linear regression analysis between HVA and 5-HIAA yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.4804. The neurotransmitter index, HVA/5-HIAA, was found to be more indicative of the dopaminergic metabolite HVA than the acid metabolite of serotonin, 5-HIAA (correlation coefficient with HVA = 0.5529 vs a correlation coefficient with 5-HIAA = -0.4462). A poor relationship (correlation coefficient = -0.1715) was found to exist between the 2 dopaminergic metabolites DOPAC and HVA in the CSF.

First-litter commerical cross-bred gilts were treated with levamisole (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 mg/kg of body weight) weekly during the last 4 weeks of gestation, because similar treatment of dairy heifers had improved postpartum maternal health and neonatal survival. In the gilts, differences in reproductive performance were not found on the basis of pig survival at birth, pig survival at weaning, birth weight, or weaning weight. Also differences between treated and control gilts were not found in response of circulating lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation (phytohemagglutinin A, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen). In all gilts, the lymphocyte response to mitogen stimulation was decreased during the first week after farrowing.

To study the distribution of tissue cysts in porcine tissues, 16 pigs were fed oocysts of 4 strains of Toxoplasma gondii (4 pigs/strain). Pigs were euthanatized between postinoculation days 103 and 875 and portions of 5 to 14 organs were bioassayed in mice and/or cats for T gondii. For bioassays, 50- to 100-g portions of tissue were incubated in acidic pepsin solution to free bradyzoites from cysts in parenchyma, and washed sediment from the digests of each specimen was inoculated SC into mice (6 mice/organ). For bioassays in cats, a 500-g portion or whole organ was fed to Toxoplasma-free cats (1 cat/organ). Toxoplasma gondii was recovered from tissues of 14 of the 16 pigs (from the brains of 12, hearts of 11, tongues of 10, and diaphragms of 6). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from commerical cuts of meat from 5 infected pigs, from the arm picnic and ham of 3, Boston butt, spareribs, and tenderloin of 2, and bacon and tailbone of 1. Regarding the 4 pigs euthanatized between postinoculation days 759 and 865, cats shed T gondii oocysts after the ingestion of hearts of all 4; tongues of 3; bacons, hams, arm picnics, Boston butts, spareribs, and diaphragms of 2; and livers, kidneys, and tenderloins of 1. Toxoplasma gondii was found to be inconsistently distributed among the organs and muscles, but overall, tongue and heart were more heavily infected than were other tissues. Tissue cysts in pork were rendered nonviable at -12 C for 3 days.

Ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (principal ponies) and their controls were given aerosolized Micropolyspora faeni antigen via endotracheal tube during a period when the principal ponies were in disease remission. In both groups of ponies, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and measured pulmonary function at base line, and 5 hours after aerosol administration of 30 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution or 30 ml of 1% w/v particulate M faeni antigen in 0.9% NaCl solution. In both groups of ponies, aerosolized M faeni antigen increased WBC count, neutrophil numbers, and albumin concentration in BAL fluid, but macrophage numbers decreased. In the principal ponies, BAL mast cell numbers were decreased 5 hours after administration of M faeni antigen. The M faeni antigen had no effect on the mechanical properties of the lungs or on gas exchange in the control ponies, but did increase respiratory frequency minute ventilation and pulmonary resistance, and decreased arterial oxygen tension in the principal ponies. Changes in pulmonary function were apparent only in the principal ponies, which suggests that neutrophils, per se, do not cause pulmonary dysfunction and that M faeni may be one of the etiologic agents involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Intramammary devices (IMD) were abraded with medium-grade emery cloth or were left smooth. One IMD of each type was inserted into a mammary quarter of each of 5 lactating cows. The remaining 2 quarters served as controls. Quarter foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk samples were collected for 3 consecutive days at 2 weeks after IMD insertion, and milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined. Milk samples also were collected immmediately after and 0.5, 1,2,4,6,8, and 11 hours after milking. All quarters were challenge exposed with 250 colony-forming units of Streptococcus uberis at 2 months after IMD insertion. Foremilk and stripping milk samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and SCC at the next 10 milkings. Mean foremilk, bucket milk, and stripping milk SCC (X 10(6) cells/ml) were 0.18, 0.07, and 0.91, respectively, for quarters with abraded IMD; 0.06, 0.05, and 0.43, respectively, for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.03, 0.03, and 0.15, respectively, for control quarters. Mean SCC after milking (X 10(6) cells/ml) for the various intervals were 0.70, 1.29, 0.70, 0.97, 1.15, 1.17, 0.77, and 0.85 for quarters with abraded IMD; 0.43, 0.62, 0.61, 0.45, 0.64, 0.60, 0.31, and 0.26 for quarters with smooth IMD; and 0.15, 0.24, 0.15, 0.19, 0.15, 0.15, 0.14, and 0.06 for control quarters. After challenge exposure, 2 of 5 of the quarters with abraded IMD, 4 of 5 of the quarters with smooth IMD, and 8 of 9 of control quarters became infected. Results indicated that abraded IMD increased SCC in stripping milk to concentrations that provided 60% portection against challenge eexposure with S uberis.

To obtain synchronous infection, 10 cats were inoculated with feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-) on the oral, nasal and conjunctival mucosa. Swab specimens of the nasal conjunctival, and pharyngeal mucosa were obtained for virus isolation from each cat before inoculation and at 3-day intervals thereafter until postinoculation day 21. Recovery of virus and evidence of clinical signs were used to document FHV-1 infection. Serum was obtained from blood samples collected sequentially from each cat between day 0 and postinoculation day 90. Virus-neutralizing antibody titer was determined in all serum specimens. Immunoprecipitation with [35S]methionine- and [14C]glucosamine-labeled viral antigens, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was performed on each specimen. Three precipitation bands with approximate molecular weights of 105,000, 68,000, and 60,000 were separated from [14C]glucosamine- and [35S]methionine-labeled immunoprecipitates. The concurrent detection of virus-neutralizing antibody glycoprotein-specific immunoprecipitins implied that in cats, the FHV-1 glycoproteins were important in the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies to FHV-1.

Cardiovascular effects and pulmonary gas exchange were compared during conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and interrupted high-frequency, positive-pressure ventilation (IHFPPV) in 6 anesthetized ponies in dorsal recumbency. When the peak airway pressure (Paw) was held constant at control values attained during CMV (18 to 20 cm of H2O), and the ventilator frequency of IHFPPV was varied over the range, 2.5 to 12.5 Hz, significant (P less than 0.05) changes from control values were observed only in the ratio of dead-space volume to tidal volume (VD/VT) and in the respiratory minute volume (VE). The mean +/- SEM) carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2) was 2.12 +/- 0.1 ml/kg/min during IHFPPV. Dead-space ventilation ranged from 40 to 73.7% of total ventilation and increased directly with increasing frequency. The VE also increased, from 89 ml/kg/min at a ventilatory frequency of 2.5 Hz to 145 ml/kg/min at a frequency of 12.5 Hz. Maintaining the frequency of IHFPPV constant at 12.5 Hz and increasing the Paw over the range of 5 to 30 cm of H2O caused significant (P less than 0.05) changes in arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), VCO2, pulmonary shunt fraction (QS/QT), VE, arterial-alveolar differences in oxygen tension (AaDO2), VD/VT, and cardiac output, compared with CMV. The PaO2 and the VCO2 increased linearly with increasing Paw. With increasing Paw, VD/VT decreased directly with increasing Paw from 98 to 69.3%. Gas exchange at a Paw of 15 cm of H2O during IHFPPV was equivalent to conditions at Paw of 20 cm of H2O during CMV. At a higher Paw during IHFPPV, improvements over control values were observed in gas exchange.