The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of retained placenta (RP) on postpartum diseases and culling in dairy cows. Data were collected from 456 Holstein cows between 2008 and 2010. RP (greater-than or equal to 24 h after parturition) and postpartum diseases were diagnosed by farm managers and a veterinarian according to standardized definitions. The overall incidence rate of RP was 14.0%, and the incidence rate of RP with fourth and higher parity was two times that of cows having offspring for the first time. The duration of RP was 2 to 15 days with a mean of 6.8 days, except for cases of fourth and higher parity which had a mean of 10.5 days. A total of 63% of cows with RP had postpartum diseases. Among the cows diagnosed with RP, 23.4% developed metritis, and of those, 35.3% developed endometritis or pyometra. A total of 25% (n = 16) cows with RP were culled within 60 days in milk (DIM) and of those culled, 75% (n = 12) had postpartum diseases. These results suggest that RP increases the risk of postpartum diseases such as metritis and mastitis and is a culling hazard up to 60 DIM.

It is important to identify the bacteria in snakes because they can cause disease; importantly, bacteria such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris etc. could be pathogens especially in hospitalized, debilitated hosts, and immunocompromised patients. To analyze the distribution of snakes' bacteria in petting zoo, samples from 20 snakes were collected from 2002 to 2008. Nine bacteria species were isolated from both oral and cloaca while four and six species were identified only from oral and cloaca, respectively. Except for Actinobacter sp., all of the identified strains are opportunistic pathogens, and most of them can cause nosocomial infections in humans. Present results indicate that prevalence of various zoonotic bacterial strains in snakes could be involved in potential transfer of these bacteria into caretakers and other animals. Therefore, it needs to examine the antibiotic resistance of these pathogens to prevent outbreaks.

Cell culture systems for the protozoan Eimeria are not yet available. The present study was conducted to develop an animal model system by inoculating animals with a live Eimeria vaccine. This study was conducted on 3-day-old chickens (n = 20) pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The chickens were divided into 2 groups: the control group (n = 10) and the inoculated group that received the live Eimeria vaccine (n = 10). During the study period, we compared the clinical signs, changes in body weight, and number of oocysts shed in the feces of the control and inoculated group. This study showed that oocyst shedding was significantly higher in the chickens inoculated with live Eimeria oocysts than in the control chickens. Moreover, body weight gain was lesser in the animals in the inoculated group than in the control animals. Fecal oocyst shedding was observed in the inoculated animals. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that live Eimeria vaccination with cyclophosphamide pretreatment may be used to obtain an effective animal model for studying protozoan infections. This animal study model may eliminate the need for a tedious continuous animal inoculation process every 6 months because the live coccidiosis vaccine contains live oocysts.

Toxocara (T.) canis and Trichuris (T.) vulpis are very important canine parasitic nematodes. T. canis parasitize in small intestine and T. vulpis parasitize in large intestine. In order to control of these nematodes, ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound was applied to the dogs infected with these parasites naturally and artificially. This drug was composed of 68.0 ㎍ of ivermectin and 57.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for small animal, 136.0 ㎍ of ivermectin and 114.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for middle animal, and 272.0 ㎍ of ivermectin and 227.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for large animal. Ivermectin in this drug is activity to nematodes and ectoparisites. Pyrantel pamoate in this drug is also activity to nematodes. In this experiment, this drug had a good efficacy against T. canis and T. vulpis in the infected dogs.

Dogs are considered to be the best companions of human beings due to their loyalty, obedience and pleasant disposition. Jejunum is the largest part of small intestine mainly involved in absorption of nutrients. Jejunal resection up to 80% allows normal weight gain while resection up to 90% increased morbidity and mortality. In the present study, 20 dogs were divided into 4 groups based on the degree of jejunal resection i.e. A (70% resection), B (80% resection) and C (100% resection) while group D served as control. Dogs in the 70% and 80% jejunal resection group showed normal growth and function while 100% jejunal resection resulted in weight loss and alteration of hematological and biochemical parameters.

Ticks infesting cattle represent a serious problem for improvement of cattle productivity in South Sudan. There has been limited information on ticks and tick-borne diseases in southern Sudan. This study was initiated to update the current distribution of ticks infesting cattle in the Central Equatoria region of South Sudan. The surveys for the present study were conducted at various cattle camps in Juba, Mangalla and Terekeka between December 2004 and June 2005. A total of 2322 ticks were collected from the bodies of 88 randomly selected cattle. Ticks were preserved in 70%ethanol for later identification. Seven ixodid tick species were found to infest cattle in Juba whilst six species were recorded in Mangalla and only four species in Terekeka. Amblyomma variegatum was the most common and widely distributed species found on cattle across all the study locations. Amblyomma lepidum was not found during this study. Based on these findings, it would be advisable to preempt the situation and institute containment procedures before possible East Coast fever outbreaks occur.

This study included detection the onset time of ossification of vomer bone in indigenous sheep fetuses collected from uteri of indigenous ewes slaughtered in Mosul city, which prepared by using modify double staining method in younger age or maceration with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or with fly larvae in old ages. The first sign of vomer bone demonstrated as a small areas (3mm) in the (53) days old of indigenous sheep fetus as a two bilateral ossification centers which located below and above the vomeral body which formed by intramembranous ossification in the membrane covering the cartilaginous nasal capsule. The results revealed that the relative increase in the vomer bone during thirteen successive weeks [8th – 20th weeks]of indigenous sheep fetal age, that the greatest relative increase in vomer bone length was at the 8th week, while the greatest relative increase in vomer bone height was in the 11th week of indigenous sheep fetal age.

This study was carried out to see the pattern of pneumonic disease in Basrah general hospital in the two groups of patients, inpatients out patients and to see the extent of tuberculosis presented as pneumonia, not as atypical case of clinical and X-ray findings in the apices of lungs. This is prospective study for patients with typical history, signs investigation chest x-ray of pneumonia, lobar and bronchopneumonia from the period of (April 2006) to (October 2008) were included in this study, they are attending the out patient department or are admitted in the wards of the Basrah general hospital. From a total of 374 cases of pneumonia, 26 cases of TB pneumonia diagnosed. There findings did not suggest TB to start. There age range from one to 72 years, the most common age group affected was 20-40 year for both sexes, while at age group 50-70 males affected more, bronchopneumonia was comment type of pneumonia in this group recorded in 13 patients, or bronchitis in 6 patients. ESR was less than 50 mm/hr in 12 patients so it is unreliable in 50% of cases. This study show that pulmonary TB is increasing (5.36%), and it could present in pneumonia like picture not involving the typical sites (apices) even in those who are not diabetic or immune compromised.

In the present study, Low density polyethylene with various contents of lignin films were investigated for their resistance to bacterial adhesion. The disc diffusion method was employed for this purpose. The results of bacterial growth on low-density polyethylene (LDPE )–lignin composite were reported. lignin was added by 1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,10% and 15% of polyethylene weight. We compared initial adhesion and surface growth of staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus pyogens, pseudomonus aerugenosa, eschrishia coli and klebciala spp. A 5 mm of test polymer composites were inoculated in the 9 cm Petri dish for 1-2 days and zone of inhibition and bacterial growing were observed and recorded. After 24 hours the bacterial growing of S. aureus , S. pyogens and E. coli were distributed all over the control agar with no growth on the polymeric composites films while Both P. aeruginosa and K. spp. have a dense growing. After 48 hours a slight adhesion of S. aureus on polyethylene-lignin discs was found with radius of growing was 3 mm .For P. aeruginosa we have more dense growing . It was found that the lignin contents have no clear inhibition against tested bacteria where this might be due to a limitation of the agar disc diffusion method. The vanishing of inhibition zone was combined with the absence of adherent bacteria on the polyethylene films. More concentration of natural lignin is required to get inhibition effect.

L-Arginine has hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect in Alloxan diabetic animals and reduce effect of diabetes complication on spermatogenesis. antioxidant have essential effect on spermatogenesis, L-Arginine has antioxidant and hypoglycemic effect. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Sixteen mature male rats aged 10 weeks ,were randomly divided into four equal groups as follows 1st diabetic group (DG) that received 150 mg/kg (IP) Alloxan single dose ;2nd group diabetic group treated with (L-Arginine-Hcl)(DAG) received 150mg/kg (IP) Alloxan as single dose plus L-Arginine-Hcl 200mg/kg(IP)-per day, 3ed group treated with(L-Arginine-Hcl)(AG) received 200mg/kg-(IP) perday ,and 4th were control group(CG) non treated .In 60 day the blood samples collected from heart to make serological parameters (glucose level) and testes removed to observe their Histopathological. Serum Glucose concentration showed a significant increase (p