Objective: The purpose of this study was to select the active fraction of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (AMC 6934), Bacillus subtilis (AMC 7923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AMC 8973), and Escherichia coli (AMC 5761). Materials and Methods: A total of 2 kg of dry red ginger rhizome powder was macerated in stages with different levels of solvent polarity to extract the chemical composition within the red ginger powder sample. The extraction process begins with a non-polar solvent (n-hexane) by soaking the red ginger powder sample for 3 × 24 h. Results: The red ginger extract fractionated with methanol produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and coumarins, while the fractionation using n-hexane produced alkaloids and triterpenoids only. The fractionation with ethyl acetate produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and coumarins. The antioxidant activity test was 49.261 mg/l for the ethyl acetate fraction, 146.648 mg/l for the methanol fraction, and 300.865 mg/l for the n-hexane fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction was effectively powerful in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All fractions had moderate antibacterial activity; however, the performance of ethyl acetate in the red ginger extract was better than that of methanol and n-hexane. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 114-124]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to select the active fraction of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (AMC 6934), Bacillus subtilis (AMC 7923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AMC 8973), and Escherichia coli (AMC 5761). Materials and Methods: A total of 2 kg of dry red ginger rhizome powder was macerated in stages with different levels of solvent polarity to extract the chemical composition within the red ginger powder sample. The extraction process begins with a non-polar solvent (n-hexane) by soaking the red ginger powder sample for 3 × 24 h. Results: The red ginger extract fractionated with methanol produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and coumarins, while the fractionation using n-hexane produced alkaloids and triterpenoids only. The fractionation with ethyl acetate produced alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and coumarins. The antioxidant activity test was 49.261 mg/l for the ethyl acetate fraction, 146.648 mg/l for the methanol fraction, and 300.865 mg/l for the n-hexane fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction was effectively powerful in inhibiting the growth of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. All fractions had moderate antibacterial activity; however, the performance of ethyl acetate in the red ginger extract was better than that of methanol and n-hexane. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(1): 114-124, March 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k755

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of using multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols on estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate in swamp buffalo. Materials and Methods: This study used 30 post-partum adult buffalo, with three estrus synchronization methods treated: 1. Conventional plus Prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 2. Co-synch plus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 3. Combination of hormone plus (Estrogen-Progesterone-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI. Research variables include estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23.0 program. Results: The results showed that the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols resulted in an estrous response reaching 100%. The onset of estrus in the three treatments [Treatment-1 (T1); Treatment-2 (T2); Treatment-3 (T3)] was 25.8; 27.6; 23.9 h, estrus duration: 21.0; 21.6; 21.92 h, estrus intensity: 25.8; 27.6; 32.6 h, and the pregnancy rate for buffalo reaches 80%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols is effective in optimizing the swamp buffalo's estrus response; the estrus duration is longer, the estrus onset is faster, and the estrus intensity is higher. It can even optimize the increase in swamp buffalo pregnancy rates. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 729-737]

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of using multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols on estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate in swamp buffalo. Materials and Methods: This study used 30 post-partum adult buffalo, with three estrus synchronization methods treated: 1. Conventional plus Prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 2. Co-synch plus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 3. Combination of hormone plus (Estrogen-Progesterone-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI. Research variables include estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23.0 program. Results: The results showed that the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols resulted in an estrous response reaching 100%. The onset of estrus in the three treatments [Treatment-1 (T1); Treatment-2 (T2); Treatment-3 (T3)] was 25.8; 27.6; 23.9 h, estrus duration: 21.0; 21.6; 21.92 h, estrus intensity: 25.8; 27.6; 32.6 h, and the pregnancy rate for buffalo reaches 80%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols is effective in optimizing the swamp buffalo’s estrus response; the estrus duration is longer, the estrus onset is faster, and the estrus intensity is higher. It can even optimize the increase in swamp buffalo pregnancy rates.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 729–737, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k824

Objective: The evaluation of frozen semen quality is an essential aspect in determining male fertility for artificial insemination programs. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of Friesian Holstein (FH) bull-frozen semen in different classes (proven and unproven) based on protein profiling and molecular evaluation. Materials and Methods: This study used frozen semen straws from FH bulls selected according to criteria for proven (6 individuals) and unproven (6 individuals) bulls produced by the Singosari AI Center (AIC). Sperm motility parameters were assessed using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA Supervision®, Germany), while sperm viability and abnormality were evaluated through eosin-nigrosin staining under a microscope at 400´ magnifications. The integrity of the sperm plasma membrane was determined using the hypoosmotic swelling test, and acrosome integrity was analyzed using the fluorescein isothiocyanate PNA-propidium iodide staining method. Protamine deficiency was quantified using Chromomycin A3 fluorescence staining, while DNA fragmentation was assessed using the acridine orange technique. Results: The findings demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the assessed parameters of frozen semen quality between FH-proven and unproven bulls. Furthermore, in FH-proven bulls, a negative correlation was observed between protamine deficiency and acrosome integrity (r = −0.528) and between protamine deficiency and sperm DNA fragmentation (r = −0.467). The parameters of protamine deficiency in unproven bulls exhibited a positive correlation with sperm progressive motility. Conclusion: The frozen semen quality of FH bulls in different classes (proven and unproven) was found to be equally good. Molecular-based analysis allows for a more accurate determination of semen quality. These findings are significant for bull breeding stations when comprehensively evaluating semen quality. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 796-802]

Objective: The evaluation of frozen semen quality is an essential aspect in determining male fertility for artificial insemination programs. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of Friesian Holstein (FH) bull-frozen semen in different classes (proven and unproven) based on protein profiling and molecular evaluation. Materials and Methods: This study used frozen semen straws from FH bulls selected according to criteria for proven (6 individuals) and unproven (6 individuals) bulls produced by the Singosari AI Center (AIC). Sperm motility parameters were assessed using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA Supervision®, Germany), while sperm viability and abnormality were evaluated through eosin-nigrosin staining under a microscope at 400´ magnifications. The integrity of the sperm plasma membrane was determined using the hypoosmotic swelling test, and acrosome integrity was analyzed using the fluorescein isothiocyanate PNA-propidium iodide staining method. Protamine deficiency was quantified using Chromomycin A3 fluorescence staining, while DNA fragmentation was assessed using the acridine orange technique. Results: The findings demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the assessed parameters of frozen semen quality between FH-proven and unproven bulls. Furthermore, in FH-proven bulls, a negative correlation was observed between protamine deficiency and acrosome integrity (r = −0.528) and between protamine deficiency and sperm DNA fragmentation (r = −0.467). The parameters of protamine deficiency in unproven bulls exhibited a positive correlation with sperm progressive motility. Conclusion: The frozen semen quality of FH bulls in different classes (proven and unproven) was found to be equally good. Molecular-based analysis allows for a more accurate determination of semen quality. These findings are significant for bull breeding stations when comprehensively evaluating semen quality. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 796-802, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k831

Objective: Infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly infectious acute viral disease, is a major burden to the chicken industry worldwide. The research aimed to develop an inactivated IB vaccine using local isolates and assess its immunogenicity compared to other commercial live IB vaccines. Materials and Methods: An inactivated vaccine using a candidate IB virus (PP067159.1: Alim_IB_1001) of the QX genotype was developed according to WOAH guidelines. Chickens were vaccinated with three doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ml) at 7 days old, with a booster at 37 days old via subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Blood samples were collected on days 7, 37, and 67 to measure immune response by indirect ELISA. On day 67, chickens were challenged with a virulent IBV strain to assess vaccine protection. The experimental IB vaccine's immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and antibody duration were compared to a live IB vaccine (Live CEVAC® IBird) using three vaccination schedules: killed-followed-killed, live-followed-killed, and live-followed-live. Results: Chickens vaccinated with SC with 1.0 ml showed higher antibody titers compared to other SC and IM routes of vaccination. SC vaccination with 0.5 and 1 ml provided the highest protection (93%). The killed-followed-killed vaccination method produced a more consistent and protective level of antibody titers in chickens compared to the other vaccination schedules. The experimental inactivated IB vaccine led to a higher survival rate (93%) compared to live-followed-killed (87%) and live-followed-live (73%), with statistical significance (p < 0.01). All three chicken groups maintained protective antibody titers (>396) at 307 days, but titers declined faster in the live-followed-live and live-followed-killed groups compared to the killed-followed-killed group. Conclusion: The study found that the experimental inactivated IB vaccination can protect com¬mercial-layer chickens from natural IB outbreaks of the QX genotype. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 592-600]

Objective: Infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly infectious acute viral disease, is a major burden to the chicken industry worldwide. The research aimed to develop an inactivated IB vaccine using local isolates and assess its immunogenicity compared to other commercial live IB vaccines. Materials and Methods: An inactivated vaccine using a candidate IB virus (PP067159.1: Alim_IB_1001) of the QX genotype was developed according to WOAH guidelines. Chickens were vaccinated with three doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ml) at 7 days old, with a booster at 37 days old via subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Blood samples were collected on days 7, 37, and 67 to measure immune response by indirect ELISA. On day 67, chickens were challenged with a virulent IBV strain to assess vaccine protection. The experimental IB vaccine’s immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and antibody duration was compared to a live IB vaccine (Live CEVAC® IBird) using three vaccination schedules: killed-followed-killed, live-followed-killed, and live-followed-live. Results: Chickens vaccinated with SC with 1.0 ml showed higher antibody titers compared to other SC and IM routes of vaccination. SC vaccination with 0.5 and 1 ml provided the highest protection (93%). The killed-followed-killed vaccination method produced a more consistent and protective level of antibody titers in chickens compared to the other vaccination schedules. The experimental inactivated IB vaccine led to a higher survival rate (93%) compared to live-followed-killed (87%) and live-followed-live (73%), with statistical significance (p < 0.01). All three chicken groups maintained protective antibody titers (> 396) at 307 days, but titers declined faster in the live-followed-live and live-followed-killed groups compared to the killed-followed-killed group. Conclusion: The study found that the experimental inactivated IB vaccination can protect commercial-layer chickens from natural IB outbreaks of the QX genotype. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 592–600, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k809

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of seahorse (Hippocampus comes L.) extract on hematological profile and body weight on rats induced by depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with 200–250 gm and 8 weeks old. All rats were intramuscularly administered 1.25 mg/kg BW DMPA Merck Depo Geston at 150 mg/3 ml. The animals were divided into five main groups (6 each), consisting of aquadest (G1), CMC 1% (G2), seahorse extract (SE) dose 150 mg/kg BW (G3), 225 mg/kg BW (G4), and 300 mg/ kg BW (G5). All rats were weighed until the end of the treatment week. Results: The hematological profile and body weight of the group given SE tended to increase compared to the group not given extract; however, our hematological profile and body weight were in the normal range for rats. Conclusion: We find that SE enhances the effectiveness of the hematological profile, body weight, and safety of rats induced by DMPA. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 717-721]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of seahorse (Hippocampus comes L.) extract on hematological profile and body weight on rats induced by depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with 200–250 gm and 8 weeks old. All rats were intramuscularly administered 1.25 mg/kg BW DMPA Merck Depo Geston at 150 mg/3 ml. The animals were divided into five main groups (6 each), consisting of aquadest (G1), CMC 1% (G2), seahorse extract (SE) dose 150 mg/kg BW (G3), 225 mg/kg BW (G4), and 300 mg/ kg BW (G5). All rats were weighed until the end of the treatment week. Results: The hematological profile and body weight of the group given SE tended to increase compared to the group not given extract; however, our hematological profile and body weight were in the normal range for rats. Conclusion: We find that SE enhances the effectiveness of the hematological profile, body weight, and safety of rats induced by DMPA. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 717-721, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k822

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the seasonal histological structure changes and immunoreactivity of Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) in the ductus deferens and prostate under the light microscope. Materials and Methods: For the present study, twelve mature male camels were employed. Following the animals breeding and non-breeding seasons of slaughter under official licensing and veterinary supervision, samples were obtained from various regions of the ductus deferens and prostate gland and processed using general histology and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The secretory end pieces of the vas deferens ampulla and prostate gland of the Saudi Arabian dromedary camel were well developed during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The spermatozoa were noticed in the lumen of the ductus deferens during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The response of AQP-5 in the ductus deferens was particularly significant throughout the not-rutting season. Moreover, during the non-breeding season, the prostate gland showed a strong to moderate response. In the breeding season, the ampulla of the ductus deferens showed an insignificant reaction. Additionally, the body and disseminated portion of the prostate gland showed a mild to moderate response. Conclusion: The results suggested that Saudi Arabian dromedary camels might produce sperm during rutting and non-rutting seasons. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 703-710]

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the seasonal histological structure changes and immunoreactivity of Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) in the ductus deferens and prostate under the light microscope. Materials and Methods: For the present study, twelve mature male camels were employed. Following the animals breeding and non-breeding seasons of slaughter under official licensing and veterinary supervision, samples were obtained from various regions of the ductus deferens and prostate gland and processed using general histology and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The secretory end pieces of the vas deferens ampulla and prostate gland of the Saudi Arabian dromedary camel were well developed during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The spermatozoa were noticed in the lumen of the ductus deferens during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The response of AQP-5 in the ductus deferens was particularly significant throughout the not-rutting season. Moreover, during the non-breeding season, the prostate gland showed a strong to moderate response. In the breeding season, the ampulla of the ductus deferens showed an insignificant reaction. Additionally, the body and disseminated portion of the prostate gland showed a mild to moderate response. Conclusion: The results suggested that Saudi Arabian dromedary camels might produce sperm during rutting and non-rutting seasons. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 703–710, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k820

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (RCCL) and the efficacy of tibial plateau angle (TPA) as a prognostic indicator in small breed dogs diagnosed with RCCL. Materials and Methods: For this study, 53 dogs with RCCL were selected based on their medical data. The Tibial plateau angle (TPA) was calculated by analyzing the radiographic images of the stifle joint region. The dogs were categorized based on their body weight, sex, age, breed, and RCCL. Subsequently, clinical outcomes of dogs were evaluated based on their pre- and postoper¬ative TPAs. Results: The prevalence of RCCL was higher in neutered dogs, especially those neutered before 6 months of age. The preoperative TPAs of all dogs diagnosed with RCCL were lowered with TPLO. Preoperative walking time in the higher pre-operative TPA (>25°) group (13.58 ± 1.53 days) was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the lower pre-operative TPA (≤25°) group (10.09 ± 0.84). The lower pre-operative TPA (≤ 25°) group showed better prognoses without any more complications than the higher pre-operative TPA (> 25°) group. Furthermore, post-operative walking time in the higher post-operative TPA dogs (>10°) group (18.08 ± 2.22 days) was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the lower post-operative TPA dogs (≤10°) group (10.20 ± 0.90 days). Likewise, the TPA (≤10°) group showed better prognoses with lowered complications. Conclusion: Therefore, pre- and post-operative TPA plays an important prognostic factor, and post-operative TPA should be kept at [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 627-636]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (RCCL) and the efficacy of tibial plateau angle (TPA) as a prognostic indicator in small breed dogs diagnosed with RCCL. Materials and Methods: For this study, 53 dogs with RCCL were selected based on their medical data. The Tibial plateau angle (TPA) was calculated by analyzing the radiographic images of the stifle joint region. The dogs were categorized based on their body weight, sex, age, breed, and RCCL. Subsequently, clinical outcomes of dogs were evaluated based on their pre- and postoperative TPAs. Results: The prevalence of RCCL was higher in neutered dogs, especially those neutered before 6 months of age. The preoperative TPAs of all dogs diagnosed with RCCL were lowered with TPLO. Preoperative walking time in the higher pre-operative TPA (>25°) group (13.58 ± 1.53 days) was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the lower pre-operative TPA (≤25°) group (10.09 ± 0.84). The lower pre-operative TPA (≤ 25°) group showed better prognoses without any more complications than the higher pre-operative TPA (> 25°) group. Furthermore, post-operative walking time in the higher post-operative TPA dogs (>10°) group (18.08 ± 2.22 days) was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the lower post-operative TPA dogs (≤10°) group (10.20 ± 0.90 days). Likewise, the TPA (≤10°) group showed better prognoses with lowered complications. Conclusion: Therefore, pre- and post-operative TPA plays an important prognostic factor, and post-operative TPA should be kept at<10° to get better clinical outcomes.> <10° to get better clinical outcomes. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 627–636, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k812

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the physical properties of Indonesian local sheep skin collagen extracted by acid and enzymatic methods. Materials and Methods: Collagen was isolated from Pure Breed Garut Sheep (Ovis aries sp.) skin, 1.5 years old. The skins were obtained from a local slaughterhouse in Cirebon, Indonesia. The solvents used were CH3COOH and three different enzymes: neutrase, alcalase, and bromelain. Results: The highest yields of extracted collagen were bromelain-soluble collagen (BSC), which reached 37.07%. The range of Ph values for all samples started from 4.01 to 4.76. The viscosity values (cP) of acid-soluble collagen (ASC), neutrase-soluble collagen (NSC), alcalase-soluble collagen (LSC), and BSC were 3.42, 3.90, 3.45, and 3.12, respectively. Regarding SDS-PAGE analyses, Garut sheepskin collagen is categorized as collagen type I, which has a molecular weight of about 140.99 to 148.74 kDa for α1 and around 110 to 111.86 kDa for α2. The results of FTIR and DSC analyses for all samples show the same motif with commercial collagen motifs based on the literature. Conclusion: Garut sheep skin has the potential to be an alternative raw material source for producing collagen. Collagen extracted using a combination of CH3COOH and bromelain enzyme showed the most desirable results in almost every characteristic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 722-728]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the physical properties of Indonesian local sheep skin collagen extracted by acid and enzymatic methods. Materials and Methods: Collagen was isolated from Pure Breed Garut Sheep (Ovis aries sp.) skin, 1.5 years old. The skins were obtained from a local slaughterhouse in Cirebon, Indonesia. The solvents used were CH3COOH and three different enzymes: neutrase, alcalase, and bromelain. Results: The highest yields of extracted collagen were bromelain-soluble collagen (BSC), which reached 37.07%. The range of Ph values for all samples started from 4.01 to 4.76. The viscosity values (cP) of acid-soluble collagen (ASC), neutrase-soluble collagen (NSC), alcalase-soluble collagen (LSC), and BSC were 3.42, 3.90, 3.45, and 3.12, respectively. Regarding SDS-PAGE analyses, Garut sheepskin collagen is categorized as collagen type I, which has a molecular weight of about 140.99 to 148.74 kDa for α1 and around 110 to 111.86 kDa for α2. The results of FTIR and DSC analyses for all samples show the same motif with commercial collagen motifs based on the literature. Conclusion: Garut sheep skin has the potential to be an alternative raw material source for producing collagen. Collagen extracted using a combination of CH3COOH and bromelain enzyme showed the most desirable results in almost every characteristic. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 722–728, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k823

Objective: This study aimed to assess the welfare conditions of broiler chickens in the live bird markets (LBMs) in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of fifty broiler outlets were studied in 10 LBMs of Chattogram, Bangladesh. A total of 10 chickens were observed to check the welfare issues during slaughter from each outlet (N = 500). The data were collected using a structured questionnaire method through interviews of the vendors and observation of the lairage and slaughter practice. Results: The study revealed that the stocking density was significantly higher in cage-type lairage than in floor-type (p < 0.05). The feeding and drinking areas for the chickens were significantly but negatively correlated to the stocking density. The duration between unloading of broiler chickens at LBMs and feeding or drinking could exceed 5 hours in 22% of outlets. The mortality was significantly higher in the bigger outlets than the smaller outlets (p < 0.05). During pre-slaughter han¬dling, the one-wing grasping method was practiced more in the bigger outlets (p < 0.05) whereas the feet grasping method was used more in the smaller outlets (p < 0.05). Moreover, the knives used to slaughter the chickens were not sharpened daily in 76% of outlets. Conclusion: This study indicated that the broiler chickens in the LBMs of Chattogram had to face many stress episodes at different stages at their penultimate moments—from lairage to slaugh¬ter—which led to poor welfare conditions and exacerbated the suffering of chickens. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 803-809]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the welfare conditions of broiler chickens in the live bird markets (LBMs) in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of fifty broiler outlets were studied in 10 LBMs of Chattogram, Bangladesh. A total of 10 chickens were observed to check the welfare issues during slaughter from each outlet (N = 500). The data were collected using a structured questionnaire method through interviews of the vendors and observation of the lairage and slaughter practice. Results: The study revealed that the stocking density was significantly higher in cage-type lairage than in floor-type (p < 0.05). The feeding and drinking areas for the chickens were significantly but negatively correlated to the stocking density. The duration between unloading of broiler chickens at LBMs and feeding or drinking could exceed 5 hours in 22% of outlets. The mortality was significantly higher in the bigger outlets than the smaller outlets (p < 0.05). During pre-slaughter handling, the one-wing grasping method was practiced more in the bigger outlets (p < 0.05) whereas the feet grasping method was used more in the smaller outlets (p < 0.05). Moreover, the knives used to slaughter the chickens were not sharpened daily in 76% of outlets. Conclusion: This study indicated that the broiler chickens in the LBMs of Chattogram had to face many stress episodes at different stages at their penultimate moments—from lairage to slaughter—which led to poor welfare conditions and exacerbated the suffering of chickens. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(3): 803-809, September 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k832

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, abundance, and identification of genera of gastrointestinal parasites in buffaloes belonging to an establishment in Villa Oliva, Ñeembucu Department, Paraguay. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 buffaloes were included in the study and divided into three groups of 39 (n = 39) animals—Group 1: = [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 961-966]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, abundance, and identification of genera of gastrointestinal parasites in buffaloes belonging to an establishment in Villa Oliva, Ñeembucú Department, Paraguay. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 buffaloes were included in the study and divided into three groups of 39 (n = 39) animals—Group 1: = <12 months (G1); Group 2: = ><36 months (G2); and Group 3: >37 months (G3). All samples were tested using the saturated salt flotation. Eggs and oocyte counts were determined using McMaster’s method. Recuperation of larvae 3 was carried out after coproculture using the Baerman technique. Identification was based on morphological identification keys. Results: The presence of eggs and/or oocysts of parasites belonging to Cestoda, Protozoa, and Nematoda was noted. The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) was 36.75%. The highest abundance was observed in G1. After coproculture Moniezia expanza, Eimeria spp., and Haemonchus spp.; Teladorsagia spp./Ostertagia spp. were also identified. It is also observed that the incidence of nematode parasite infestation in female buffalo is high compared to males; however, in terms of microparasites, it is the opposite. According to our results, as buffalo age increased, parasite loads decreased considerably. Conclusion: Those results may link factors between hosts and the environment with the ability to maintain gastrointestinal infestation at levels that do not compromise health and body conditions. This study presented results of the prevalence, abundance, and identification of GINs from buffalos of Paraguay for the first time. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(4): 961–966, December 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k846