Objective: This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species isolated from various poultry products including chicken meat, poultry eggs, poultry bird's drinking water, and poultry feed. Materials and methods: A total of 79 samples comprising of chicken meat (n=20), egg shell (n=15), poultry egg contents (n=18), drinking water (n=14), and poultry feed (n=12) were bacteriologically and microscopically analyzed for the isolation of Salmonella species. Results: Overall, this study reported a high prevalence of Salmonella species (62%) from various poultry products especially in poultry (chicken) meat and poultry egg contents where the percentage occurrence of Salmonella species was 100% and 20.4% respectively. The antibiogram conducted on the Salmonella species isolated from the various poultry samples reveal that all the isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 50% of the tested antibiotics especially to tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem. However, most of the Salmonella species were also found to be highly susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ertapenem and ceftazidime. It was also observed in this study that the highest level of resistance to the tested antibiotics was recorded in Salmonella species isolated from poultry meat samples. Conclusion: Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated or infected poultry products could pose serious public health problem to the general public if allowed. Thus, poultry farms and other poultry product outlets should be operated under sanitized conditions that ward-off the incidence of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. The use of antibiotics as growth promoting agents and prophylaxis in the production of poultry birds in this region should be discouraged and ndash; since such practices allowed drug-resistant bacteria to emerge and spread in the community. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 353-359]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh and to estimate the percentage of disease occurrence in the pet animals. Materials and methods: A 2-month potential study was conducted to estimate the percentage (%) of disease occurrence and current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. A total of 550 animals were examined and 358 data were collected from the disease registered book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and SA Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh during June and September, 2014. The data were analysed, and the results on the newly emerging diseases were expressed as percentage (%). Results: Among the most general pet animals in Bangladesh (dog, cat, rabbit), the mostly occured diseases were scabies (23.07%), feline ascariasis (37.14%) and rabbit mange (34.61%), while the less frequent diseases were canine parvovirus enteritis (2.19%), cat scratch disease (5.71%) and overgrown teeth (7.69%). Conclusion: The study provides basic information about the current status and the percentage (%) of disease occurrence considering the emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 413-419]

Objective: Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) infection is existing worldwide causing economic loss in goat production. This work was conducted to investigate the prevalence of CAE in local and foreign goat breeds and sheep in different localities in Sudan. Materials and methods: A total of 368 sera samples were prepared; among these, 112 were collected from cross (n=39) and foreign (n=73) breeds of goat in Khartoum state, equal number of sera (n=23) were collected from goats and sheep from each of River Nile, Gedarif, Sinnar and North Kordofan states. Eighteen cross bred goats were tested from River Nile state. From foreign bred goats, 28 and 26 sera were collected from Gazira and Northern states, respectively. The collected sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to CAE virus using Enzymed-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The overall seroprevalence of CAE was 2.99% (n=11/368). Positive results were found only in 11 of foreign breed of goats (Cyprus shami) collected from Gazira (39.29%; n=11/28). Statistically, there was an association between breed and location (P=0.001 and P=0.671, respectively). Conclusion: The CAE virus infection exists only in foreign goat breeds. Gazira state showed the highest seroprevalence as compared to other states considered in this study. Strict hygienic measures should be adopted to control the disease and to prevent its spread to local breeds. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 259-262]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera (FC) suspected chicken, and to prepare and efficacy determination of formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine using the isolated P. multocida strain. Materials and methods: A total of five suspected dead chickens were collected from Brothers Poultry Farm located at Gazipur district, Bangladesh. The samples were processed and the P. multocida was isolated through conventional bacteriological techniques, were finally confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. multocida specific primers targeting cap gene. The P. multocida isolate was used to develop a formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine. The efficacy of the newly prepared vaccine was determined in Starcross-579 chickens (n=30) aging 15 weeks either by injecting 1 mL (group-A; n=10) or 0.5 mL (group-B; n=10) vaccine containing approximately 3.2x108 CFU/mL P. multocida organism; 10 birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The sera from the vaccinated and control birds were collected and were subjected for antibody titre determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally the vaccinated birds were challenged using virulent strains of P. multocida to confer the protection against FC. Results: P. multocida could be isolated from both the samples. The formalin killed vaccine prepared from the isolated bacteria was subjected for the determination of antibody titre in chicken, and found that the antibody titres in the birds of group A and group B were 4.513 and 4.07 respectively after primary vaccination, and 4.893 and 4.37 respectively after booster vaccination. Most of the vaccinated birds were found to be survived after challenging with virulent strain of P. multocida. Conclusion: It is concluded that the causal agent of FC (P. multocida) was successfully isolated from FC affected dead chickens. The prepared formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine induces protective immune response and conferred protection against challenge infection caused by the virulent strain of P. multocida. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 45-50]

Objective: The investigation was undertaken to measure the epidemiological features and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Escherichia coli among different breeds of goats in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 150 rectal swab samples were collected from selected goats. The samples were subjected for the isolation of E. coli through a series of conventional bacteriological and biochemical techniques. The isolated E. coli were used for assessing antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Besides prevalence study, nine risk factors were studied; the risk factors were- breed, age, hygienic status, sex, history of recent transportation, season, diarrhea, body condition score, and source of drinking water. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli in the rectal swabs of goats was 52% (n=78/150). The young goats were highly susceptible (65.0%; n=52/80) to E. coli infection as compared to adults (37.1%; n=26/70). The prevalence was higher (66.7%; n=42/63) in the goats that was reared in poor hygienic condition as compared to the goats that were reared under good hygienic condition. The influence of the source of drinking water on E. coli prevalence was found to be higher both in pond (63.6%; n=7/11) and municipality (61.4%; n=51/83) supplied water as compared to tube-well (35.7%; n=20/56). The goats having recent transportation history showed higher prevalence (64.8%; n=35/54). The prevalence was higher in diarrheic goats (62.0%; n=49/79) than non-diarrheic goats. Among the E. coli isolates (n=78), 31 were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) to 3 to 8 subclasses of antimicrobials. Conclusion: Presence of MDR E. coli in the studied goats suggest the probable acquisition, development and transmission of MDR E. coli through a number of influencing factors to other animals and potentially to human. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 166-172]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of coinfections with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bluetoungue virus (BTV) and bovine herpes virus-4 (BHV-4) in cattle with reproductive problems in Sudan, and to determine the relation of single or mixed seropositivity with abortion, infertility and death after birth. Materials and methods: Meta-analysis of the results from our earlier serosurveys conducted with a total of 688 dairy cattle was carried out in order to determine prevalence of seropositivity of single and mixed (coinfection) viral infections. Reults: The meta-analysis of the data indicated high seroprevalence of coinfections with various combinations of these agents; only few animals were singly infected. An infection with BHV-1 was observed to be higher than the prevalence of associations between BHV-1 and the other three viral agents. Prevalence of seropositivities to coinfection with BHV-1/BTV; BHV-1/BVD; BHV-1/BTV/BVD were the highest while seropositivities prevalences that involved BHV-4 were much lower. The highest abortion rates were encountered in coinfections with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (31%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (30%) while most infertility cases were noticed in coinfection with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (44%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (21%), and coinfections with the four viruses were encountered in most of the death after birth cases (25%). Overall mixed infections with BHV-1/BVD/BTV (34%) and BHV-1/BVD/BTV/BHV-4 (22.5%) were involved in the majority of reproductive problems studied. Conclusion: Mixed infections constitutes the vast majority of cases and are involved in the majority of reproductive disorders investigated. The high prevalence of seropositivity to all of the four viruses should call for an intervention strategy to reduce the impact of these viruses. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 332-337]

Objectives: Poultry production in rural areas is considered as an important source of livelihood for most rural communities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the major factors affecting production of rural poultry in three senatorial districts in North Central Nigeria namely Kwara Central, Kwara South and Kwara North.. Materials and Methods: The major factors affecting production of rural poultry were investigated using structured questionnaire to gather data on health and management practices between January to December 2014. Results: The socio-economic characteristics of respondents showed that majority of rural poultry farmers are women and illiterate, that sourced fund from their personal savings, relations and friends. The study also showed that seasonal variation and disease significantly influenced poultry production and its marketability. Conclusion: There is the need to put in place enabling environment to encourage commercialization of rural poultry production in Nigeria and globally. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 79-83]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional status of high yielding dairy cattle around parturition. Materials and methods: Nutritional status of cows around the peri-parturient period was investigated for six months in dairy farm. Seven to eight months' pregnant cows were selected for this study. Blood samples from 24 randomly selected cows were collected at stage-1, -2 and -3. The serum was stored at -20C until analyzing glucose, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). Results: An increasing trend of glucose level was evidenced (P=0.07) during stage-1. Instead, higher levels of TP were found during stage-3 as compared to the stage-1 and -2. The Alb levels differed significantly (P<0.01) among different stages. A significantly increased (P<0.01) cholesterol, Tg, and HDL were found after parturition (stage-2 and -3) than before parturition (stage-1). LDL was significantly (P=0.02) increased during stage-2 and -3. A significantly higher level of Ca (P<0.01), Mg (P<0.01) and P (P=0.03) were present during stage-1. Glucose, TP, cholesterol and Tg were significantly higher (P<0.01) in cows two months after parturition, while Alb was found to be the highest (P<0.01) in cows immediately after parturition. An increasing trend of LDL (P=0.07) and HDL (P=0.07) were found in the cows two months after parturition. However, Ca levels were significantly (P=0.04) higher in cows two months after parturition. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is alteration of biochemical levels among the study population at three different stages, and these data may be helpful in using the necessary nutrients to the the high yielding cows around their parturition. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 68-74]

Objective: The identification of meat species in meat products is important for protection of human health, economic reasons, religious factors and for controlling the compliance with food regulations. For this purpose, DNA must be obtained in good quality and quantity. The aim of this study was to compare different DNA isolation methods from different meat products. Materials and methods: Comparison among different DNA isolation methods was done. DNA was isolated from different meat products (e.g., sucuk, salami, sausage, braised meet, meatball and pastrami). The methods included phenol/chloroform, DNA isolation kit, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Dodecyle Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (DTAB). Results: Although DNA was obtained from all of these methods, the phenol/chloroform and DNA isolation kit methods were found to be the most effective methods for obtaining high quantity DNA. RNA contamination was determined to be common in DTAB method. High quantity of DNA and RNA contamination in terms of quality was detected in CTAB method. Ruminant specific 16S rRNA primer was used to amplify genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction and all samples were amplified except for some samples of DTAB. Conclusion: DNA isolation kit, another best method, is recommended due to quality and quantity of DNA for researchers who do not want that phenol/chloroform method have toxic substances. This study is also the first study in which DTAB method is used for DNA extraction from meat products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 368-374]