A total of fifty liver sandwiches served by street vendors and restaurants with different hygienic practices (25 of each), were collected from Giza Governorate. The levels of lead and aluminium residues were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean values of lead residues in cooked liver sandwiches served by each of street vendors and restaurants were 1.68±0.51 and 0.73±0.2 mg/kg; respectively; as well as, it was constituted 6.2±2.1 and 4.3±1.1 mg/kg for aluminum residues, respectively. The levels of lead and aluminum residues in liver sandwiches served by street vendors were high as compared to that detected in restaurants. The sources of contamination with such elements (lead and aluminium) as well as the public health importance were discussed. The suggestive measures to avoid the contamination with such elements in cooked food were recommended.

The purpose of the assignment is to provide technical assistance to support the preparation /strengthening of the currently drafted Integrated National Planning for disease prevention, require-ment from poultry products and required improvements for future. The obtained data here were col-lected from site visits and interviews with project owner as well as official documents and reports.

Rabbit antisera were successfully prepared against chickens; turkey; ducks; geese; pigeons and quails as antispecies and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The ability to use these antisera as homologous and heterologous antispecies was studied through the application of indirect fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) using specific antigens and antibodies of Newcastle; infectious bursal disease virus; duck plague virus; duck hepatitis virus; fowl cholera and pigeon paramyxo virus. The results showed that Titration of the prepared anti avian sera conjugated with FITC induced strong positive FAT reactions up to dilutions of 1:10000; 1:1000; 1: 100000; 1: 1000; 1: 100000 and 1:1000 for anti- chicken; anti-Turkey; ant-duck; ant-goose; anti-pigeon and antiquill sera respectively. It was found that homolgous species anti-sera showed strong positive FAT reaction (green apple fluorescing) scored as 4+ while hetrologous species anti-sera showed less degree of positive reactions ranged from 3+ to ± reaction showing that the usefulness of anti-sera as reagents in serological techniques is limited by the homogeneity and heterogeneity of such antisera. So, the present preparations could be used to low extent as heterologous anti-avian sera.

Clinical examination of 380 rearing sheep revealed that 30 animal were suffering from skin abscesses with an incidence of (7.89%). Bacteriological examination of 30 swabs from affected sheep revealed isolation of 30 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (48.39%) , 18 isolates of S. aureus (29.03%) and 14 isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius (22.58).The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically.The results of animal pathogenicity test showed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were 100% pathogenic to guinea pigs and 80% of S.aureus isolates were pathogenic to mice, while all isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were pathogenic to mice. The dead animals showed haemorrhage and symptoms of septicaemia, C. pseudotuberculosis, S.aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were reisolated from the dead animals. Antimicrobial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis , S. aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates to some antimicrobial agents which usually used in farms showed that from 90% to 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline ,streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampicin while S. aureus isolates (from 55% to 66%) were sensitive to rifampicin,tetracycline ,erythromycin and streptomycin, while S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates were moderately resistant to all used antimicrobial agents.

A total of two hundreds of slaughtered animals; 50 each of cattle buffaloes, sheep and buffalo calves were collected from slaughterhouse Giza. Each animal was represented by muscular part, prenephric fat, liver, and kidneys. The Four Plate Technique (FPT) is intended to detect antimicrobial residues in collected samples. The liver samples showed high detection incidences (30, 16, 16 and 8%) in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively as compared to kidney samples (16, 12, 10 and 6% respectively). The lowest incidence was detected in fat samples (0%) followed by muscle samples (4%). High incidence was detected in medium I followed by medium II and III, finally medium IV as well as medium V which failed to be showed any incidence of detection. The tetracycline residues in tissues of slaughtered animals depend on husbandry as well as on withdrawal time after use. The liver (67 + 15, 50 + 14, 54 + 10 and 3 +0.8) and kidney (63 + 16, 46 + 12, 56 + 12 and 8 + 2) samples in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively showed high residual levels as compared with muscles and fat. The detection of sulfonamide residues in tissues of slaughtered animals may be attributed to misuse of these compounds for long term in animal feed as well as result in accumulation in animal tissues.

A total of 807 stool and fecal samples (251 stool samples from diarrheic children under six years old, 254, and 250 fecal samples from diarrheic and apparently healthy pre-weaned calves and lambs, respectively in addition to 50 fecal samples from dogs) were collected from different localities in Behera and Menoufia Governorates for detection of Cryptospridium spp., Giardia spp. and Entamoeba histolytica). Cryptosporidium spp. has been detected by using modified Ziel-Nelssen Stain (MZN) in 30 (11.95%); 26 (10.24%); 31(12.4%) and 2(3.84%) of the examined stool and fecal samples from children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both Governorates. There were significant relationships between infection of the examined calves with Cryptospordium parvum and their age and healthy status. The same relation was noticed in concern with the examined children. Results of MZN were confirmed by using ELISA which was found sensitive (overall sensitivity 96.6%). In spite of the higher sensitivity of PCR than MZN for detection of C. parvum in fecal specimens especially when oocysts are scanty, the high cost of reagents and lack of expensive instruments which are not available in all clinical laboratories render MZN staining technique acceptable and reliable. By using direct smear and formal ether method, Giardia intestinals has been detected in {27(10.75%); 51(20.08%); 63(29.2%) and 5 (9.61%)} of stool and fecal samples from the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively from both Governorates. Calves, lambs and dogs seem to be important sources for Giardia intestinalis to man. Entamoeba histolytica has been detected in {19(7.56%); 0 (0),0(0) and 2(3.84%) of stool and fecal samples of the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both governorates. Dogs are regarded as an important source of Entamoeba histolytica to man.

The susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens, namely E. coli, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeroginosa which were isolated from egg incubators and yolk sacs of randomly selected one day old Fayoumy chicks to three selected cephalosporins (cephradine, ceftiofur and cefquinome) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the tested drugs and the effect of these antibiotics on the body weight gain, mortality and immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine of the same bread of chicks were also estimated. The tested organisms were sensitive to ceftiofur and cefquinome whereas E.coli and ps. aeroginosa were found to be resistant to cephradine. The results showed that mortalities were higher in control and cephradine treated groups, while it was lower in the ceftiofur and cefquinome treated groups. On the other hand, the lowest mean body weight was recorded in control group (155.7±6.55 gm) followed by ceftiofur treated group (162.5±2.06 gm) and the highest mean body weight was recorded in cefquinome treated group (183.5±1.66 gm, p < 0.01) at 30 days of age. The study revealed that the tested antibiotics not exert any immune suppressive effect against (ND) vaccine.

Polyvalent clostridial vaccine has been prepared according to L+ dose of C. perfringens type B and D, C. septicum, C. oedematiens, the optical density of C. chauvoei, and flocculation test of C. tetani. The vaccine has been evaluated in guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep. It gave high protective immunity in guinea pigs in challenge test (100% protection), the sera of vaccinated rabbits gave high titers more than the permissible limit. Sera of vaccinated sheep showed high antibody titer and good immune response which revealed that the vaccine able to protect sheep against clostridial diseases. The recent formulation of polyvalent clostridial vaccine is very useful tool for production of highly antigenic multicomponent clostridial vaccine used for control of different clostridial diseases.

This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological status of fresh Tilapia nilotica, fresh Clarias lazera, frozen Mackerel and smoked Herring fish marketed in Beni-Suef City. The collected samples were examined for total bacterial count, coli form (MPN), faecal coli forms (MPN), E. coli (MPN), Staphylococcus aureus count, total proteolytic count, total lipolytic count, Aeromonas count and Pseudomonas count, as well as the isolation of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. Most of the examined samples were within the permissible limits recommended by EOS and ICMSF, few samples of fresh Clarias lazera exceeded the recommended limits. The economic importance and public health significance of the isolated organisms were discussed.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strain involved in a separate fowl cholera outbreak in a turkey flock farm located in El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt early 2008 was investigated. The isolated strain was compared with an Egyptian Pasteurella multocida isolate that was previously isolated from turkey flock during last decade besides four vaccinal strain (A:5, A:8, A:9 and D:2) on phenotypic and genotypic characterization basis. Phenotypically all the strains were similar as all the strains produce non haemolytic colonies on blood agar, and all the strains revealed similar biochemial behaviour. On the other hand, the genomic typing of all the stains using rep-PCR techniques [repetitive BOX elements, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] differentiated the six Pasteurella multocida strains into six different profiles. The molecular identity between the Pasteurella multocida 2008 strain and the previously isolated strain was 76.6 % and were ranged from 65.2% to 79.2% with the 4 vaccinal strains. These results reported the continuous mutations of the field Pasteurella multocida strains among poultry flocks in Egypt indicating the urgent need for the frequent and continuous molecular epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks in various poultry flocks to detect these new strains and update the fowl cholera vaccines.