Purpose. To reveal the frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction of various species of the genus Linum L. (Linaceae) in vitro. Methods. For in vitro induction of callus formation and organogenesis, hypocotyl segments of species Linum usitatissimum L. convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum, L. tenue Desf., L. bienne Mill., L. corymbulosum Pchb., L. nervosum Waldst. & Kit., L. flavum L., L. campanulatum L., L. perenne L., L. austriacum L., L. grandiflorum Desf., L. strictum L. were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplementedwith 0.05 mg/l 1-naphthylacetic acid and 1.0 mg/l 6-benzyl aminopurine at 22–24 °C, relative humidity of 60–80%,with 16 hours photoperiod (2500 flux). For microclonal reproduction Murashige and Skoog, White, Gamborg and Eveleigh media and their modifications were used. The measurement results were interpreted by the arithmetic mean, standard error for the sample mean, the leastsignificantdifference and ranked. Results. Different species of the genus Linum to a large extend are capable of forming callus and regenerating shoots under the specified cultivation conditions. The frequency of callus formation for the studied samples on the 35th day of cultivation varied within 81.25–100%, the mass of callus from one explant – 0.21–1.64 g, the frequency of organogenesis – 12.50–100%, the number of shoots – 1.8–7.6 pcs. and the height of the shoots was 0.82–2.12 cm. The following species: L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum, L. tenue, L. bienne and L. strictum were distinguished by a high intensity of callus formation. Intensive organogenesis was pecular to L. tenue, L. bienne, L. flavum, L. austriacum and L. grandiflorum. The efficiency of somaclone obtaining was quite low in L. nervosum and L. campanulatum. In total, for the microclonal reproduction of species of the genus Linum Murashige and Skoog, Gamborg and Eveleighmedia supplementedwith 12.5 g/l glucose were optimal. At the final stages of microclonal propagation, before transferring microclones in vivo, it is advisable to use White medium, which contributes to a high frequency of rhizogenesis. Varieties of L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum had diffe­rent responses to in vitro culture. Conclusions. The frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction depended on the genotype of a particular species; therefore it is advisable to select the composition of the nutrient medium and growth regulators for each of them. Some species of the genus Linum have not yet been studied in vitro, so the obtained results allow expanding the scope of their use in practice, in particular in breeding as a new source material with somaclonal variation, interspecific crosses, and ornamental floriculture.

Мета. Установити частоту та інтенсивність калусо- й органогенезу, ефективність мікроклонального розмноження різних видів роду Linum L. (Linaceae) в умовах in vitro. Методи. Для індукування калусо- й органогенезу в умовах in vitro гіпокотильні сегменти видів Linum usitatissimum L. convar. elongatumі convar. usitatissimum, L. tenue Desf., L. bienne Mill., L. corymbulosum Pchb., L. nervosum Waldst. & Kit., L. flavum L., L. campanulatum L., L. perenne L., L. austriacum L., L. grandiflorum Desf., L. strictum L. культивували на середовищі Мурасіге і Скуга з додаванням 0,05 мг/л 1 нафтилоцтової кислоти та 1,0 мг/л 6 бензиламінопурину за 16 годинного фотоперіоду, інтенсивності освітлення 2500 лк, відносній вологості 60–80% і температурі повітря 22–24 °С. Для мікроклонального розмноження використовували середовища Мурасіге і Скуга, Уайта, Гамборга і Евелега та їх модифікації. Результати вимірювань інтерпретували за середнім арифметичним, похибкою вибіркової середньої, найменшою істотною різницею та ранжирували. Результати. Різні види роду Linum значною мірою здатні до утворення калусу і регенерації пагонів за вказаних умов культивування. Частота калусогенезу для досліджуваних зразків на 35-ту добу культивування змінювалася в межах 81,25–100%, маса калусу з одного експланта – 0,21–1,64 г, частота органогенезу – 12,50–100%, кількість пагонів – 1,8–7,6 шт. і висота пагонів – 0,82–2,12 см. За високою інтенсивністю калусоутворення виділилися такі види: L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum, L. tenue, L. bienne і L. strictum. Найінтенсивніший органогенез властивий видам L. tenue, L. bienne, L. flavum, L. austriacum і L. grandiflorum. Ефективність отримання сомаклонів була досить низькою в L. nervosum і L. campanulatum. Загалом для мікроклонального розмноження видів роду Linum оптимальними є середовища Мурасіге і Скуга, Гамборга і Евелега з додаванням 12,5 г/л глюкози. На завершальних етапах мікроклонального розмноження перед перенесенням мікроклонів in vivo доцільно використовувати середовище Уайта, яке сприяє високій частоті ризогенезу. Різновиди L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum і convar. usitatissimum мали різну реакцію на культивування в умовах in vitro. Висновки. Частота, інтенсивність калусо- й органогенезу, ефективність мікроклонального розмноження залежала від генотипу певного виду, тому для кожного з них доцільно окремо добирати склад поживного середовища і регулятори росту. Деякі види роду Linum ще не досліджені в умовах in vitro, тому отримані результати надалі дають змогу розширити сферу їх використання у практичній діяльності, зокрема в селекції як новий вихідний матеріал із сомаклональною мінливістю, у міжвидових схрещуваннях, у декоративному квітникарстві. | Цель. Установить частоту и интенсивность каллусо- и органогенеза, эффективность микроклонального размножения различных видов рода Linum L. (Linaceae) в условиях in vitro. Методы. Для индуцирования каллусо- и органогенеза в условиях in vitro гипокотильные сегменты видов Linum usitatissimum L. (convar. elongatum и convar. usitatissimum), L. tenue Desf., L. bienne Mill., L. corymbulosum Pchb., L. nervosum Waldst. & Kit., L. flavum L., L. campanulatum L., L. perenne L., L. austriacum L., L. grandiflorum Desf., L. strictum L. культивировали на среде Мурасиге и Скуга с добавлением 0,05 мг/л 1 наф­тилуксусной кислоты и 1,0 мг/л 6 бензиламинопурина при 16 часовом фотопериоде, интенсивности освещения 2500 лк, относительной влажности 60–80% и температуре воздуха 22–24 °С. Для микроклонального размножения использовали среды Мурасиге и Скуга, Уайта, Гамборга и Эвелега и их модификации. Результаты измерений интерпретировали по среднему арифметическому, погрешности выборочной средней, наименьшей существенной разнице и ранжировали. Результаты. Различные виды рода Linum в значительной мере способны к образованию каллуса и регенерации побегов в условиях in vitro при указанных условиях культивирования. Частота каллусогенеза для исследуемых образцов на 35-е сутки культивирования колебалась в пределах 81,25–100,00%, масса каллуса с одного экспланта – 0,21–1,64 г, частота органогенеза – 12,50–100%, количество побегов – 1,8–7,6 шт. и высота побегов – 0,82–2,12 см. По высокой интенсивности каллусообразования выделились следующие виды: L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum, L. tenue, L. bienne и L. strictum. Наиболее интенсивный органогенез свойственный видам L. tenue, L. bienne, L. flavum, L. austriacum и L. grandiflorum. Эффективность получения сомаклонов была достаточно низкой у L. nervosum и L. campanulatum. В целом для микроклонального размножения видов рода Linum. оптимальными являются среды Мурасиге и Скуга, Гамборга и Эвелега с добавлением 12,5 г/л глюкозы. На завершающих этапах микроклонального размножения перед переносом микроклонов in vivo целесообразно использовать среду Уайта, которая способствует высокой частоте ризогенеза. Разновидности L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum и convar. usitatissimum имели разную реакцию на культивирование в условиях in vitro. Выводы. Частота, интенсивность каллусо- и органогенеза, эффективность микроклонального размножения зависела от генотипа определенного вида, поэтому для каждого их них целе­сообразно отдельно подбирать состав питательной среды и регуляторы роста. Отдельные виды рода Linum не исследованы в условиях in vitro, поэтому полученные результаты дают возможность в дальнейшем расширить сферу их использования в практической деятельности, в частности в селекции как новый исходный материал с сомаклональной изменчивостью, в межвидовых скрещиваниях, в декоративном цветоводстве. | Purpose. To reveal the frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction of various species of the genus Linum L. (Linaceae) in vitro. Methods. For in vitro induction of callus formation and organogenesis, hypocotyl segments of species Linum usitatissimum L. convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum, L. tenue Desf., L. bienne Mill., L. corymbulosum Pchb., L. nervosum Waldst. & Kit., L. flavum L., L. campanulatum L., L. perenne L., L. austriacum L., L. grandiflorum Desf., L. strictum L. were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplementedwith 0.05 mg/l 1-naphthylacetic acid and 1.0 mg/l 6-benzyl aminopurine at 22–24 °C, relative humidity of 60–80%,with 16 hours photoperiod (2500 flux). For microclonal reproduction Murashige and Skoog, White, Gamborg and Eveleigh media and their modifications were used. The measurement results were interpreted by the arithmetic mean, standard error for the sample mean, the leastsignificantdifference and ranked. Results. Different species of the genus Linum to a large extend are capable of forming callus and regenerating shoots under the specified cultivation conditions. The frequency of callus formation for the studied samples on the 35th day of cultivation varied within 81.25–100%, the mass of callus from one explant – 0.21–1.64 g, the frequency of organogenesis – 12.50–100%, the number of shoots – 1.8–7.6 pcs. and the height of the shoots was 0.82–2.12 cm. The following species: L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum, L. tenue, L. bienne and L. strictum were distinguished by a high intensity of callus formation. Intensive organogenesis was pecular to L. tenue, L. bienne, L. flavum, L. austriacum and L. grandiflorum. The efficiency of somaclone obtaining was quite low in L. nervosum and L. campanulatum. In total, for the microclonal reproduction of species of the genus Linum Murashige and Skoog, Gamborg and Eveleighmedia supplementedwith 12.5 g/l glucose were optimal. At the final stages of microclonal propagation, before transferring microclones in vivo, it is advisable to use White medium, which contributes to a high frequency of rhizogenesis. Varieties of L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum had diffe­rent responses to in vitro culture. Conclusions. The frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction depended on the genotype of a particular species; therefore it is advisable to select the composition of the nutrient medium and growth regulators for each of them. Some species of the genus Linum have not yet been studied in vitro, so the obtained results allow expanding the scope of their use in practice, in particular in breeding as a new source material with somaclonal variation, interspecific crosses, and ornamental floriculture.

Purpose. To reveal the frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction of various species of the genus Linum L. (Linaceae) in vitro. Methods. For in vitro induction of callus formation and organogenesis, hypocotyl segments of species Linum usitatissimum L. convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum, L. tenue Desf., L. bienne Mill., L. corymbulosum Pchb., L. nervosum Waldst. & Kit., L. flavum L., L. campanulatum L., L. perenne L., L. austriacum L., L. grandiflorum Desf., L. strictum L. were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplementedwith 0.05 mg/l 1-naphthylacetic acid and 1.0 mg/l 6-benzyl aminopurine at 22–24 °C, relative humidity of 60–80%,with 16 hours photoperiod (2500 flux). For microclonal reproduction Murashige and Skoog, White, Gamborg and Eveleigh media and their modifications were used. The measurement results were interpreted by the arithmetic mean, standard error for the sample mean, the leastsignificantdifference and ranked. Results. Different species of the genus Linum to a large extend are capable of forming callus and regenerating shoots under the specified cultivation conditions. The frequency of callus formation for the studied samples on the 35th day of cultivation varied within 81.25–100%, the mass of callus from one explant – 0.21–1.64 g, the frequency of organogenesis – 12.50–100%, the number of shoots – 1.8–7.6 pcs. and the height of the shoots was 0.82–2.12 cm. The following species: L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum, L. tenue, L. bienne and L. strictum were distinguished by a high intensity of callus formation. Intensive organogenesis was pecular to L. tenue, L. bienne, L. flavum, L. austriacum and L. grandiflorum. The efficiency of somaclone obtaining was quite low in L. nervosum and L. campanulatum. In total, for the microclonal reproduction of species of the genus Linum Murashige and Skoog, Gamborg and Eveleighmedia supplementedwith 12.5 g/l glucose were optimal. At the final stages of microclonal propagation, before transferring microclones in vivo, it is advisable to use White medium, which contributes to a high frequency of rhizogenesis. Varieties of L. usitatissimum convar. elongatum and convar. usitatissimum had diffe­rent responses to in vitro culture. Conclusions. The frequency and intensity of callus formation and organogenesis, the effectiveness of microclonal reproduction depended on the genotype of a particular species; therefore it is advisable to select the composition of the nutrient medium and growth regulators for each of them. Some species of the genus Linum have not yet been studied in vitro, so the obtained results allow expanding the scope of their use in practice, in particular in breeding as a new source material with somaclonal variation, interspecific crosses, and ornamental floriculture.

Purpose. To develop a method of propagation, stimulation of rhizomes growth in vitro culture for the genus Miscanthus representatives and their adaptation in the open field without the use of greenhouse complexes for acclimatization and completion of growing. Methods. Biotechnological procedures, mathematical and statistical analyses. Results. Prescription of nutrient medium was developed for explants inoculation, sprouts propagation, rhizomes growth stimulation in vitro. Such sterile explants as seeds, buds to be removed from rhizomes, parts of stems with bud were placed on modified media with mineral portion by Murashige and Skoog (MS) that contained 0,5–1 dose of macroelements and one dose of microelements, vitamins (10 mg/l of thia­minum, 1,0 mg/l of pyridoxine, 1,0 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 1,0 mg/l of ascorbic acid) supplemented with amino acids (250 mg/l of glutamic acid, 3 mg/l of tyrosine, 3 mg/l of arginine, 2 mg/l of hydroxyproline), plant growth regulators [0,5–1,0 mg/l of GA (gibberelline acid), 0,2 mg/l of 6-BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine, 0,1 mg/l of NAA (α-naphtylacetic acid)] in different variations. After seed germination, buds emerging and sprouts formation 1–2 cm in height, for propagation purpose they were passivated on the medium of other composition that differed from previous one by the content and ratio of growth regulators, especially by a high concentration of cytokinins [6-BAP (0,4–0,5 mg/l), kinetin (0,5 mg/l), adenine (0,5 mg/k)] in different variations in presence of GA (0,2 mg/l). In order to stimulate rhizomes growth, microclones were transferred on media with other composition and ratio growth regulators (6-BAP (0,2–0,3 mg/l) + GA (0,5–1,0 mg/l) or 6-BAP (0,2–0,3 mg/l) + GA (0,5–1,0 mg/l) + NAA (0,1 mg/l), in other words, with a high content of gibberellins. After the formation of rhizomes 10–15 cm in length, miscanthus plants were planted out in the open ground. Stimulation of rhizomes initiation and elongation on appropriate nutrient media before Miscanthus giganteus, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis planting in vivo resulted in 100% adaptation and 100% survival of plants in the winter period without the use of greenhouse complexes. Conclusions. The method of miscanthus propagation in vit­ro and adaptation in the open ground was developed that included stimulation of rhizomes growth and favoured the increase of their length on media supplemented with gibbe­relline that guaranteed 100% preservation of microplants to be propagated from in vitro culture during adaptation in the open ground and acclimatization in winter.

Purpose. To develop a method of propagation, stimulation of rhizomes growth in vitro culture for the genus Miscanthus representatives and their adaptation in the open field without the use of greenhouse complexes for acclimatization and completion of growing. Methods. Biotechnological procedures, mathematical and statistical analyses. Results. Prescription of nutrient medium was developed for explants inoculation, sprouts propagation, rhizomes growth stimulation in vitro. Such sterile explants as seeds, buds to be removed from rhizomes, parts of  stems with bud were placed on modified media with mineral portion by Murashige and Skoog (MS) that contained 0,5–1 dose of macroelements and one dose of microelements,  vitamins (10 mg/l of thia­minum, 1,0 mg/l of pyridoxine, 1,0 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 1,0 mg/l of ascorbic acid) supplemented with amino acids (250 mg/l of glutamic acid, 3 mg/l of tyrosine, 3 mg/l of arginine, 2 mg/l of hydroxyproline), plant growth regulators [0,5–1,0 mg/l of GA (gibberelline acid), 0,2 mg/l of 6-BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine, 0,1 mg/l of NAA (α-naphtylacetic acid)] in different variations. After seed germination, buds emerging and sprouts formation 1–2 cm in height, for propagation purpose they were passivated on the medium of other composition that differed from previous one by the content and ratio of growth regulators, especially by a high concentration of cytokinins [6-BAP (0,4–0,5 mg/l), kinetin (0,5 mg/l), adenine (0,5 mg/k)] in different variations in presence of GA (0,2 mg/l). In order to stimulate rhizomes growth, microclones were transferred on media with other composition and ratio growth regulators (6-BAP (0,2–0,3 mg/l) + GA (0,5–1,0 mg/l) or 6-BAP (0,2–0,3 mg/l) + GA (0,5–1,0 mg/l) + NAA (0,1 mg/l),  in other words,  with a high content of gibberellins. After the formation of rhizomes 10–15 cm in length, miscanthus plants were planted out in the open ground. Stimulation of rhizomes initiation and elongation on appropriate nutrient media before Miscanthus giganteus, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis planting in vivo resulted in 100% adaptation and 100% survival of plants in the winter period without the use of greenhouse complexes. Conclusions. The method of miscanthus propagation in vit­ro and adaptation in the open ground was developed that included stimulation of rhizomes growth and favoured the increase of their length on media supplemented with gibbe­relline that guaranteed 100% preservation of microplants to be propagated from in vitro culture during adaptation in the open ground and acclimatization in winter.

Purpose. Developing technology for clonal micropropagation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) plants of Ukrainian breeding based on the complex of methods of isolated tissue and organ culture in vitro. Methods. During the experiment, such methods as isolated tissue and organ culture in vitro, clonal micropropagation, detached scion grafting, chemotherapy with adding of virucide Ribavirin to the nutrient medium, biometric and statistical ones were used. Results. The stepped procedure of sterilization that we have developed allows to receive 88–100% of sterile explants. For M. piperita L. introduction into culture and clonal micropropagation, Murashige and Skoog (MS) nut­rient medium appeared to be optimal supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (0.75 mg/l), adenine (0.05 mg/l), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.05 mg/l) and gibberellic acid (0.5 mg/l) on which the reproduction ratio on the 28th day ranged between 1:7 and 1:15. For recovery of plants from viral infection, virucide Ribavirin at concentration of 10 mg/l was added to the nutrient medium. The proposed nutrient medium for rhizogenesis, that contained IAA (0.5 mg/l) and indole butyric acid (IBA) (0.5 mg/l), allows to obtain the frequency of rhizogenesis up to 84–100%. Regenerated plants were adapted to the conditions in vivo on substrate peat : universal soil : perlite : sand in the ratio 2:1:1:1. The survival rate for peppermint varieties amounted to 96–100%. Conclusions. Biotechnological scheme was developed that permits to get healthy, purebred planting material and intensively propagate plants for supplying breeding programs of the Experimental Station for Medicinal Plants of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, among which such varieties as ‘Lebedyna pisnia’ and ‘Ukrainska pertseva’ were selected as the most promising for clonal micropropagation.

β-tubulin, calmodulin, internal transcribed spacer and partial lsu-rDNA, RNA polymerase 2, DNA replication licensing factor Mcm7, and pre-rRNA processing protein Tsr1 were amplified and sequenced from numerous isolates belonging to Aspergillus sect. versicolor. The isolates were analyzed phylogenetically using the concordance model to establish species boundaries. Aspergillus austroafricanus, A. creber, A. cvjetkovicii, A. fructus, A. jensenii, A. puulaauensis, A. subversicolor, A. tennesseensis and A. venenatus are described as new species and A. amoenus, A. protuberus, A. sydowii, A. tabacinus and A. versicolor are accepted as distinct species on the basis of molecular and phenotypic differences. PCR primer pairs used to detect A. versicolor in sick building syndrome studies have a positive reaction for all of the newly described species except A. subversicolor.