Purpose. To estimate genetic resources collection of soft winter wheat plants (new collection accessions) of Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production and select initial material for breeding of adaptive, productive and qualitative soft winter wheat varieties. Methods. Field experiment, laboratory testing. Results. The authors pre- sented results of study of over 1000 samples of gene pool of soft winter wheat from 25 countries during 2001–2005 in Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuriev, NAAS of Ukraine for a complex of economic traits. More than 400 new sources with high adaptive properties were selected that combine traits of high productivity and high quality of grain, early ripening, resistance to biotic and abiotic fac- tors (the assessment of samples for 16 valuable traits is given). The selected material comes from various agro-cli- matic zones, including zones of unsustainable agriculture. Conclusions. Recommended sources of traits that have breeding value will allow to enrich high-quality assortment of wheat and considerably accelerate breeding process du- ring development of new soft winter wheat varieties.

Purpose. To estimate genetic resources collection of soft winter wheat plants (new collection accessions) of Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production and select initial material for breeding of adaptive, productive and qualitative soft winter wheat varieties. Methods. Field experiment, laboratory testing. Results. The authors pre- sented results of study of over 1000 samples of gene pool of soft winter wheat from 25 countries during 2001–2005 in Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuriev, NAAS of Ukraine for a complex of economic traits. More than 400 new sources with high adaptive properties were selected that combine traits of high productivity and high quality of grain, early ripening, resistance to biotic and abiotic fac- tors (the assessment of samples for 16 valuable traits is given). The selected material comes from various agro-cli- matic zones, including zones of unsustainable agriculture. Conclusions. Recommended sources of traits that have breeding value will allow to enrich high-quality assortment of wheat and considerably accelerate breeding process du- ring development of new soft winter wheat varieties.

Purpose. Determination of the possibility to diffe­rentia­te triticale samples by starch grain size and identify samples with a minimum size of granules that have a significant positive correlation with the efficiency of the starch transformation into ethanol. Methods. Light mic­roscopy of grinded triticale grains. Results. Analysis of the starch granule size in triticale samples was performed. The minimum average granule size was observed in line Kc-270/14 (23.78 µm), maximum one – in line KR-110/14 (28.06 µm). The size of starch granules in a soft winter wheat variety ‘Tsvit Kalyny’ was 24.2 µm that was within the values typical for winter triticale varieties and lines. The size of the majority of granules ranged from 15 to 35 µm, but their distribution was uneven in the studied lines. Conclusions. Considerable polymorphism of winter triticale for the starch granule size was established. It was found that the minimum average size of starch granules was observed in the samples characterized by minimum maximum size of granules, low frequency of granules of more than 35 µm, and therefore, minimum dispersion. Based on this, assumption can be made about the possibility to evaluate a sample for the presence of granules larger than 35 µm that can significantly reduce the number of measurements and speed up analysis.

Purpose. Determination of the possibility to diffe­rentia­te triticale samples by starch grain size and identify samples with a minimum size of granules that have a significant positive correlation with the efficiency of the starch transformation into ethanol. Methods. Light mic­roscopy of grinded triticale grains. Results. Analysis of the starch granule size in triticale samples was performed. The minimum average granule size was observed in line Kc-270/14 (23.78 µm), maximum one – in line KR-110/14 (28.06 µm). The size of starch granules in a soft winter wheat variety ‘Tsvit Kalyny’ was 24.2 µm that was within the values typical for winter triticale varieties and lines. The size of the majority of granules ranged from 15 to 35 µm, but their distribution was uneven in the studied lines. Conclusions. Considerable polymorphism of winter triticale for the starch granule size was established. It was found that the minimum average size of starch granules was observed in the samples characterized by minimum maximum size of granules, low frequency of granules of more than 35 µm, and therefore, minimum dispersion. Based on this, assumption can be made about the possibility to evaluate a sample for the presence of granules larger than 35 µm that can significantly reduce the number of measurements and speed up analysis.

Purpose. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of introduction of “Romantica” roses originated by Meilland company under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine. Methods. Biometrical, comparative-morphological, statistic ones. Results. Viability, growth and development indices as well as ornamental qualities (tolerance for winter conditions, frost hardiness, drought resistance, complex disease and pest resistance, habit maintenance, shoot formation, flowering, coloration, shape of flowers, petal number etc.) were analyzed for 12 rose cultivars of “Romantica” series planted on the collection and exhibition plots of the National Dendrological Park «Sofiivka» NAS of Ukraine. The investigations were conducted within 2012–2015. The most of the cultivars got the mark of introduction success 41–45 points of 50; so, the cultivars are totally promising for introduction into the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine. ‘Leonardo da Vinci’ and ‘Yves Piaget’ cultivars got point number 35–38 and they can be considered promising ones. The acclimatization number for the most of the investigated cultivars was 85–90 points of 100 that means good adaptation of the plants in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine. The adaptation of cv. ‘Leonardo da Vinci’ and cv. ‘Yves Piaget’ roses (point number 75) can be considered satisfactory. The total evaluation of “Romantica” roses ornamental qualities made 76–87 points of 100; so, all the cultivars display high ornamental qualities and deserve to be introduced to the production. Conclusions. The garden roses of “Romantica” series originated by Meilland company being introduced into the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine are adapted well in the introduction region and they are promising for the subsequent introduction.

The study of impact of complex application of biological compositions based on fixing nitrogen by microorganisms and plant lectin and nitric fertilizers on productivity and quality of grain of winter wheat on the dark-grey soil in the field terms was conducted. It is shown, that presowing treatment of seed by biological compositions stimulated forming of greater productivity with the best quality.

Purpose. Creation of experimental sugar beet hybrid combinations of high sugar yield values and defining gene­tic determination of their heterotic effect. Methods. Diallel crossing and topcrossing, genetic analysis of quantitative traits. Results. The authors have studied the frequency of occurrence of sugar beet heterotic hybrid combinations for «sugar yield» trait created on the basis of two pollinator lines to be genetically valuable for productivity elements, CMS lines and single-cross sterile hybrids with the use of diallel and topcrossing system of controlled hybridization. The share of parental components’ effect and their interaction in CMS hybrids variability for productivity was determined. Expediency of heterotic forecasting based on high combining ability lines was substabtiated. Promising high-yielding sugar beet combinations were selected that exceeded the group standard by 4.1–16.3%. Conclusions. The theory of genetic balance by M. V. Turbin was confirmed. Such hybrids as [CMS 5OT 4]MGP 1 (116.3%), [CMS 1OT 2]MGP 1 (112.5%) and [CMS 3OT 5]MGP 1 (113.2%) were recognized as the best for their productivity, MGP 1 and MGP 2 lines – as the best for their combining ability.

Purpose. Creation of experimental sugar beet hybrid combinations of high sugar yield values and defining gene­tic determination of their heterotic effect. Methods. Diallel crossing and topcrossing, genetic analysis of quantitative traits. Results. The authors have studied the frequency of occurrence of sugar beet heterotic hybrid combinations for «sugar yield» trait created on the basis of two pollinator lines to be genetically valuable for productivity elements, CMS lines and single-cross sterile hybrids with the use of diallel and topcrossing system of controlled hybridization. The share of parental components’ effect and their interaction in CMS hybrids variability for productivity was determined. Expediency of heterotic forecasting based on high combining ability lines was substabtiated. Promising high-yielding sugar beet combinations were selected that exceeded the group standard by 4.1–16.3%. Conclusions. The theory of genetic balance by M. V. Turbin was confirmed. Such hybrids as [CMS 5OT 4]MGP 1 (116.3%), [CMS 1OT 2]MGP 1 (112.5%) and [CMS 3OT 5]MGP 1 (113.2%) were recognized as the best for their productivity, MGP 1 and MGP 2 lines – as the best for their combining ability.

Purpose. To evaluate pea plants productivity and determine the degree of correlation among the main agronomic characters in pea varieties. Methods. Structural and statistical analysis. Results. Evaluation of pea samples in terms of indices of plant productivity elements level based on correlation analysis and single-factor indices appliance provided insight into the ratio of one trait share per unit of another one. It was defined that some correlations among the elements of productivity was not only moderate and weak, but they also changed their sign that could be the evidence of growth conditions influence on structural relationships bet­ween some traits and, consequently, redistribution of their contributions to the formation of variety productivity. Positive and very close relationship of many traits was revealed, particularly between plant height and the height of the plant up to the first bean, the number of nodes and the number of sterile nodes (r = 0,95–0,97). Methodological aspects of the variety model creation were considered, that may be useful not only in pea breeding but also for improving the techno­logy of its cultivation. Conclusions. Correlation relationships were established between the number of beans and the number of fruiting nodes and the number of carpophores containing 2 beans (r = 0,86–0,88), seed mass and plant mass (r = 0,81), the number of seeds per plant and plant mass and seed mass per plant (r = 0,78–0,81), the number of certified seeds and the number of seeds per plant (r = 0,84), the average number of beans per fertile node and the number of carpophores containing 2 beans (r = 0,74) that makes it possible to use them in assessing the productivity of plants.

Purpose. Determination of sowing time effect on productivity of various fenugreek species in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Methods. Field study, laboratory test, analytical approach and statistical evaluation. Results. Effect of sowing time on economic characters of common fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) and blue fenugreek (Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser.) was investigated. It was found that sowing time significantly influenced the individual productivity of plants and average yield of their fresh and dry matter. In particular, common and blue fenugreek plants formed not only the most developed vegetation but also higher productivity and fresh and dry matter yield, respectively, due to early-spring sowing. In case of summer sowing, the poorest yield of dry matter per unit was obtained for these species caused by a low fresh yield, though the moisture loss index was lower. Conclusions. Common fenugreek is promising for producing “mushroom grass” spices, and the conveyor supply of production in the Forest-Steep zone of Ukraine can be ensured by the first sowing time (the first or the second decades of April) and the se­cond sowing time (the third decade of April) as during this period more developed vegetation is formed that favored the higher yield of dry matter (1,3–1,5 t/ha).

Purpose. To create new competitive spring wheat varieties. Methods. Field study, laboratory test. Results. Based on the competitive variety trial, bread spring wheat line ‘Lutescens 07-26’ has been selected due to high values of such traits as resistance to fungal diseases, grain qua­lity(protein content accounted for 15.0%), 1000 kernel weight (44.6 g) productivity (3.92 t/ha) and lodging resistance (9 points). In 2011, it was submitted to the State variety testing as ‘Panianka’ variety. Durum spring wheat line ‘Leukurum 08-11’ was characterized by a number of positive traits: quite a high productivity (3.05 t/ha), short stem (79 cm), resistance to fungal diseases and lodging(9 points), and in 2011 it was submitted to the State variety testing as ‘Diana’ variety. According to the results of the State variety testing in 2012–2014, spring wheat varieties ‘Panianka’ and ‘Diana’ in 2015 were put on the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. Conclusions. For farms in Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones of Ukraine, bread and durum spring wheat varieties were bred by V. M.Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine that demonstrated rather high potential of productivity and adaptability to stress conditions. This goes to prove that cultivation of domestic spring wheat varieties will promote formation of high and quality grain yields.

Purpose. To create new competitive spring wheat varieties. Methods. Field study, laboratory test. Results. Based on the competitive variety trial, bread spring wheat line ‘Lutescens 07-26’ has been selected due to high values of such traits as resistance to fungal diseases, grain qua­lity(protein content accounted for 15.0%), 1000 kernel weight (44.6 g) productivity (3.92 t/ha) and lodging resistance (9 points). In 2011, it was submitted to the State variety testing as ‘Panianka’ variety. Durum spring wheat line ‘Leukurum 08-11’ was characterized by a number of positive traits: quite a high productivity (3.05 t/ha), short stem (79 cm), resistance to fungal diseases and lodging(9 points), and in 2011 it was submitted to the State variety testing as ‘Diana’ variety. According to the results of the State variety testing in 2012–2014, spring wheat varieties ‘Panianka’ and ‘Diana’ in 2015 were put on the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. Conclusions. For farms in Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones of Ukraine, bread and durum spring wheat varieties were bred by V. M.Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine that demonstrated rather high potential of productivity and adaptability to stress conditions. This goes to prove that cultivation of domestic spring wheat varieties will promote formation of high and quality grain yields.

Purpose. Improvement of a range of strawberry varie­ties based on comprehensive study and introduction of new Ukrainian and West European cultivars. Methods. Cultivars and elite forms were studied using the methods of primary variety studying and state variety testing at three-year strawberry plantations of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (the city of Kyiv) and its variety testing stations. Results. It was found that more frequent spring and summer droughts as well as black frosts in winter adversely affected the strawberry productivity. The best varieties were selected among new ones for the complex of traits, they included ‘Elegance’ from the Great Britain, ‘Gercules’ from Ukraine (both are dessert grapes), ‘Elsanta’ from Holland (for universal use), ‘Alba’ from Italia (as raw material). The highly adaptive and productive ‘Istochnik’ and ‘Festyvalna romashka’ varieties (as raw material) are recommended for the north regions. Conclusions. In the context of profound climatic change, high-profitable cultivation of mid-ripening varieties and a strawberry as such in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone is expedient under controlled conditions – in high film tunnels, in hot-houses and under perennial irrigation that already has become the European tendency.

Purpose. Improvement of a range of strawberry varie­ties based on comprehensive study and introduction of new Ukrainian and West European cultivars. Methods. Cultivars and elite forms were studied using the methods of primary variety studying and state variety testing at three-year strawberry plantations of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (the city of Kyiv) and its variety testing stations. Results. It was found that more frequent spring and summer droughts as well as black frosts in winter adversely affected the strawberry productivity. The best varieties were selected among new ones for the complex of traits, they included ‘Elegance’ from the Great Britain, ‘Gercules’ from Ukraine (both are dessert grapes), ‘Elsanta’ from Holland (for universal use), ‘Alba’ from Italia (as raw material). The highly adaptive and productive ‘Istochnik’ and ‘Festyvalna romashka’ varieties (as raw material) are recommended for the north regions. Conclusions. In the context of profound climatic change, high-profitable cultivation of mid-ripening varieties and a strawberry as such in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone is expedient under controlled conditions – in high film tunnels, in hot-houses and under perennial irrigation that already has become the European tendency.

Purpose. Assessing stability of yield formation of complex-valued varieties and lines of spring triticale under conditions and of different years of their growing. Identifying the best genotypes for yield potential, plasticity and stability. Methods. Ontogenetic, statistical and mathematical analyses. Results. Adaptive capacity and breeding value of spring triticale varieties and lines was established. Methods of breeding and parentage of the best samples were analyzed. Comparison of yields under conditions in of different years of growing allowed to identify genotypes with high yield potential – ‘ЯТХ 38-14’, ‘ЯТХ 61-14’, ‘ЯТХ 62-14’, with stable yields – ‘ЯТХ 17-14’, ‘Boryviter kharkivskyi’, ‘ЯТХ 43-14’, ‘Gusar kharkivskyi’, drought resistance ones – ‘ЯТХ 37-14’, ‘ЯТХ 43-14’, ‘ЯТХ-64-14’. The genotypes ‘Lebіd kharkіvskyi’, ‘ЯТХ 38-14’, ‘ЯТХ 62-14’ appeared to be more plastic. These samples may be used of hybridization to improve yield. Conclusions. The most promising to production and breeding are the lines ‘ЯТХ 17-14’, ‘ЯТХ 64-14’, ‘ЯТХ 37-14’, ‘ЯТХ 43-14’ (their average yield 4,27–4,48 t/ha) and varieties ‘Zlit kharkivskyi’, ‘Boryviter kharkivskyi’, ‘Gusar kharkivskyi’, ‘Darkhliba kharkivskyi’, which have high adaptive capacity combined with high productivity. They are valuable for use as a starting material in breeding for adaptability.

Мета. Встановити сортові особливості формування продуктивності гречки (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) в умовах нестійкого зволоження Центрального Лісостепу залежно від строків та способів сівби. Методи. Упродовж 2015–2017 рр. в умовах Устимівської дослідної станції рослинництва Інституту рослинництва імені В. Я. Юр’єва НААН досліджували 6 сортів гречки: ‘Ярославна’, ‘Слобожанка’, ‘Руслана’, ‘Українка’, ‘Крупинка’, ‘СИН-3/02’. Висівали гречку нормою 250 зерен/м2 широкорядним (міжряддя – 45 см) та звичайним рядковим (15 см) способом у три строки з інтервалом у 5 діб: 5–6 травня (температура ґрунту 14,5–16,6 °С), 10–11 та 15–16 травня (16,4–19,1 та 16,9–17,3 °С відповідно).Результати. Результати трирічного експерименту засвідчують істотний вплив досліджуваних факторів (сорту, строку і способу сівби) на формування елементів продуктивності гречки, що змінювалися в досить широкому діапазоні (кількість зерен з однієї рослини – від 2,8 до 17,4 шт., маса 1000 зерен – до 2,4 г, урожайність – від 0,1 до 1,2 т/га) і значною мірою залежали від погодних умов весняного періоду. Посушливі умови на початку вегетації знижували крупність зерна та озерненість рослин, що зумовлювало зменшення врожайності, тоді як більш вологі умови навпаки збільшували ці показники. Водночас, сорти ‘СИН-3/02’ і ‘Крупинка’ в посушливих умовах 2017 року відреагували збільшеням врожайності в разі сівби звичайним рядковим способом. Якщо в попередні роки вони забезпечували вищу врожайність за широкорядного висіву, то в несприятливих для росту й розвитку рослин умовах, доцільнішим виявився звичайний рядковий спосіб, а строк сівби істотного впливу на цей показник не мав. Строками сівби гречки (з різницею в 5 діб) не завжди можна нівелювати негативний вплив погодних умов. Спосіб сівби є дієвим фактором впливу на формування високих показників структурних елементів продуктивності та потенціалу врожайності зерна гречки, що певною мірою обумовлено біологічними особливостями сорту.Висновки. Серед досліджуваних сортів гречки найбільшою врожайністю відзначався сорт ‘Ярославна’ за сівби широкорядним способом у першій декаді травня (5–6.05). Ці елементи технології вирощування були кращими і для сортів ‘Слобожанка’ і ‘Руслана’. Другий строк сівби (10–11 травня) є сприятливішим для сортів ‘СИН-3/02’ та ‘Українка’ за широкорядного способу сівби. Гречка ‘Крупинка’ забезпечувала найбільшу продуктивність за сівби в першій-другій декаді травня широкорядним способом. У разі сівби в третій строк (15–16.05) усі сорти формували зменшені показники елементів продуктивності порівняно з іншими строками і способами сівби. | Purpose. To study the varietal peculiarities of the buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) productivity formation in the conditions of unstable hydration of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, depending on the timing and methods of sowing.Methods. During 2015–2017, at the Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production (Yuriev Plant Production Institute, NAAS of Ukraine) 6 varieties of buckwheat: ‘Yaroslavna’, ‘Slobozhanka’, ‘Ruslana’, ‘Ukrainka’, ‘Krupynka’, ‘SIN 3/02’ were studied. Buckwheat was sowed at a rate of 250 grains/m2 by wide (row spacing – 45 cm) and usual row (15 cm) methods into 3 steps with 5 days intervals: 5–6 May (soil temperature 14.5–16.6 °C), 10–11 and 15–16 May (16.4–19.1 and 16.9–17.3 °C correspondently).Results. The results of the three-year experiment indicate a significant impact of the factors (variety, timing and method of sowing) on the buckwheat productivity formation, which varied in a rather wide range: the number of grains on one plant varied from 2.8 to 17.4 pcs.; the weight of 1000 grains – up to 2.4 g; yield – from 0.1 to 1.2 t/ha; and in higher degree depended on the weather conditions in the spring period. The arid conditions at the beginning of the vegetation phase reduced the grain size and number on the plants that caused a decrease in yield, while more humid conditions increased these rates. At the same time, the varie­ties ‘SIN-3/02’ and ‘Krupynka’ in the dry conditions of 2017 showed increased yields in the case of sowing in the usual routine manner. In previous years they provided higher yields for wide-row sowing, while in unfavorable conditions for growth and development, the usual routine method was more suitable, and the term of sowing did not have a significant impact on this. The terms of sowing with the intervals in 5 days, can not mitigate the negative effects of weather conditions, in general. The method of sowing is an effective factor for high buckwheat productivity and yield formation that to a certain degree depends on biological characteristics of the variety. Conclusions. Among the studied buckwheat varieties, the ‘Yaroslavna’ variety characterized by the highest yield in case of wide-row sowing in the first decade of May (5–6.05). These elements of cultivation technology were better for the varieties ‘Slobozhanka’ and ‘Ruslana’. The second term of sowing (May 10–11) is more favorable for the varieties ‘SIN-3/02’ and ‘Ukrainka’ with the wide-row sowing. Buckwheat ‘Krupynka’ provided the highest yield with wide-row sowing in the first or second decade of May. In the case of sowing in the third term (15–16.05) all the varieties characterized by reduced productivity in comparison with other terms and methods of sowing | Цель. Установить сортовые особенности формирования продуктивности гречихи (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) в условиях неустойчивого увлажнения Центральной Лесостепи Украины в зависимости от сроков и способов сева. Методы. В течение 2015–2017 гг. в условиях Устимовской опытной станции растениеводства Института растениеводства имени В. Я. Юрьева НААН исследовали 6 сортов гречихи: ‘Ярославна’, ‘Слобожанка’, ‘Руслана’, ‘Українка’, ‘Крупинка’, ‘СИН-3/02’. Высевали гречиху нормой 250 зерен/м2 широкорядным (междурядья – 45 см) и обычным строчным (15 см) способом в три срока с интервалом в 5 суток: 5–6 мая (температура почвы 14,5–16,6 °С), 10–11 и 15–16 мая (16,4–19,1 и 16,9–17,3 °С соответственно). Результаты. Результаты трехлетнего эксперимента свидетельствуют о существенном влиянии исследуемых факторов (сорта, срока и способа сева) на формирование элементов продуктивности гречихи, что изменялись в достаточно широком диапазоне (количество зерен с одного растения – от 2,8 до 17,4 шт., масса 1000 зерен – до 2,4 г, урожайность – от 0,1 до 1,2 т/га) и в значительной степени зависели от погодных условий весеннего периода. Засушливые условия в начале вегетации снижали крупность зерна и озерненность растений, что приводило к уменьшению урожайности, тогда как более влажные условия наоборот увеличивали эти показатели. В то же время, сорта ‘СИН-3/02’ и ‘Крупинка’ в засушливых условиях 2017 года отреагировали увеличением урожайности в случае сева обычным строчным способом. Если в предыдущие годы они обеспечивали высокую урожайность при широкорядном посеве, то в неблагоприятных для роста и развития растений условиях более целесообразным оказался обычный строчный способ, а срок сева существенного влияния на этот показатель не имел. Сроками сева гречихи (с разницей в 5 дней) не всегда можно нивелировать негативное влияние погодных условий. Способ сева является действенным фактором влияния на формирование высоких показателей структурных элементов продуктивности и потенциала урожайности зерна гречихи, что в определенной степени обусловлено биологическими особенностями сорта. Выводы. Среди изучаемых сортов гречихи наибольшей урожайностью отличался сорт ‘Ярославна’ при посеве широкорядным способом в первой декаде мая (5–6.05). Эти элементы технологии выращивания были лучшими также для сортов ‘Слобожанка’ и ‘Руслана’. Второй срок сева (10–11 мая) является благоприятным для сортов ‘СИН-3/02’ и ‘Українка’ при широкорядном способе посева. Гречиха ‘Крупинка’ обеспечивала наибольшую продуктивность при посеве в первой-второй декаде мая широкорядным способом. В случае сева в третий срок (15–16.05) все сорта формировали уменьшенные показатели элементов продуктивности по сравнению с другими сроками и способами посева.