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A Review on Global Pesticide Use and Food Contamination: African Perspective
2023
Adebisi, Fagbohun | Dauda, Mary | Anjorin, Toba
Pesticide application has increased globally with increasing demand for food, and modernized Agriculture as a result of an explosion in the world’s population growth, especially in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and South America. However, pesticides have helped to improve productivity, protect the nutritive integrity of food crops, and ensure year-round food supplies worldwide. The production and consumption of pesticides persisted from one decade to another until the ecosystem started to suffer from its adverse effects on the environment and human health. Previous investigations revealed that pesticides found entry into the human food chain. In response to these problems, researchers all over the world have conducted several kinds of research on pesticide applications, and their residual contamination in food. This review crosses from the past to present researches on the usage of pesticides, their accumulation in food, and possible methods of their reduction as highlighted by researchers over many years. There is a need for continuous monitoring of pesticide residue profile in soil, crop produce, and animal products in developing countries so that it will not exceed maximum residue limits (MRLs).
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Heavy Metals in Sludge Produced from UASB Treatment Plant at Mirzapur, India
2021
Krishna, Vijai | Pandey, Anil Kumar | Gupta, Pankaj Kumar
In Mirzapur (U.P.), a power-starved district, the UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) technique was adopted. Almost all of the available technologies do not treat heavy metals, so, is the case with the UASB also. The present study is to assess how much heavy metal can get accumulated in plant tissues in different species. The result of the present study was that the concentration of Pb(1106.31)>Zn(221.45)>Cd(49.26)>Hg(23.37) mg/Kg in the sludge while the concentration of Zn(93.35)>Pb(52.00)>Hg(16.93)>Cd(1.53) mg/Kg in the soil. When the sludge was mixed with the soil the trend got changed and the trend was Pb(596.36)>Zn(219.86)>Cd(24.70)>Hg(22.63) mg/Kg. Three different species that were chosen for the study were Basella Alba (Spinach), Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) & Brassica Juncea (Mustard). The trend of accumulation of studied heavy metals in the Brassica Juncea (Mustard) was Zn(85.33)>Pb(25.88)>Hg(11.23)>Cd(0.99) mg/Kg. In Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) the trend was Pb(231.11)>Zn(108.72)>Hg(12.43)>Cd(9.41) mg/Kg and in Basella alba (Spinach) was Zn(103.81)>Pb(83.90)>Hg(10.78)>Cd(4.18) mg/Kg. Overall the study reveals that the accumulation of heavy metals takes place in plants grown in soil mixed with sewage sludge. The reduction in the concentration of Pb, Cd, Hg and Zn in sludge mixed with soil after the harvesting of plant in case of Solanum lycopersicum were 39.38%, 47.93%, 6.18% and 49.89% respectively; while in case of Basella alba these were 25.23%, 57.53%, 71.58% and 49.16% respectively; and in case of Brassica Juncea these reduction were 25.86%, 60.80%, 70.96% and 49.04% respectively.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Policies related to agriculture and environment in the European Community.
1994
Tunney H.
Factors affecting farmers’ use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in South Asia
2021
Aryal, Jeetendra P | Sapkota, Tek Bahadur | Krupnik, Timothy J. | Rahut, Dil B | Jat, Mangi Lal | Stirling, Clare M
Fertilizer, though one of the most essential inputs for increasing agricultural production, is a leading cause of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, contributing significantly to global warming. Therefore, understanding factors affecting farmers’ use of fertilizers is crucial to develop strategies to improve its efficient use and to minimize its negative impacts. Using data from 2528 households across the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, this study examines the factors affecting farmers’ use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the two most important cereal crops – rice and wheat. Together, these crops provide the bulk of calories consumed in the region. As nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the major source of global warming and other environmental effects, we also examine the factors contributing to its overuse. We applied multiple regression models to understand the factors influencing the use of inorganic fertilizer, Heckman models to understand the likelihood and intensity of organic fertilizer (manure) use, and a probit model to examine the over-use of N fertilizer. Our results indicate that various socio-economic and geographical factors influence the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in rice and wheat. Across the study sites, N fertilizer over-use is the highest in Haryana (India) and the lowest in Nepal. Across all locations, farmers reported a decline in manure application, concomitant with a lack of awareness of the principles of appropriate fertilizer management that can limit environmental externalities. Educational programs highlighting measures to improving nutrient-use-efficiency and reducing the negative externalities of N fertilizer over-use are proposed to address these problems.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Les espaces périurbains : entre pollution des villes et pollution des champs aux échelles régionale et locale
2016
Stella, Patrick | Bedos, Carole | Génermont, Sophie, | Loubet, Benjamin | Personne, Erwan | Petit, Caroline, | Saint-Jean, Sébastien
Les territoires périurbains, zones de transition entre les zones urbaines et rurales, sont soumis à de nombreuses pollutions à la fois gazeuses et particulaires. Ces pollutions proviennent de sources locales comme les activités résidentielles, le trafic routier et les activités agricoles, mais également de sources régionales issues des activités urbaines et des émissions des zones (pseudo-)naturelles adjacentes. Cet article présente une synthèse des différentes sources de pollution affectant la qualité de l’air en milieu périurbain. Il est évident que les pollutions purement anthropiques ne peuvent être dissociées de celles issues du fonctionnement des écosystèmes (pseudo-)naturels dans ces espaces. Enfin, les enjeux vis-à-vis de l’agriculture périurbaine, fortement présente et en développement du fait d’une volonté de consommer des productions locales, sont discutés. | Periurban areas, zone of transition between urban and rural areas, are submitted to several sources of pollution, both gaseous and particulate. These pollutions originate from local sources such as residential sector, traffic road and agricultural activities, but also from regional ones from adjacent urban and (pseudo-)natural areas. This paper presents a synthesis of the different sources affecting air quality in periurban areas. It is clear that pollutions from anthropogenic activities cannot be fully dissociated to those from (pseudo-)natural ecosystem functioning in these areas. Finally, the atmospheric pollution issues are discussed in emphasis with periurban agriculture, already present and under development in these areas due to the development of short food supply chains and local food consumptions.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Impacts de l’ozone sur l’agriculture et les forêts et estimation des coûts économiques
2016
Castell, Jean-François | Le Thiec, Didier
absent
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Do soil and water conservation practices influence crop productivity and household welfare? Evidence from rural Nigeria
2023
Ogunniyi, Adebayo Isaiah; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Motunrayo, Olyeyemi; Awotide, Bola Amoke; Mavrotas, George; Oladapo, Adeyemi
PR | IFPRI3; ISI; CRP3.2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies | Development Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation Strategies | CGIAR Research Program on Maize (MAIZE)
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]High contamination of a sentinel vertebrate species by azoles in vineyards: a study of common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in multiple habitats in western France
2023
Angelier, Frédéric | Prouteau, Louise | Brischoux, François | Chastel, Olivier | Devier, Marie-Hélène | Le Menach, Karyn | Martin, Stéphan | Mohring, Bertille | Pardon, Patrick | Budzinski, Hélène | Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC) ; La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Université de Bordeaux (UB) | Environmental and Marine Biology ; Åbo Academy University
International audience | Azoles represent the most used family of organic fungicides worldwide and they are used in agriculture to circumvent the detrimental impact of fungi on yields. Although it is known that these triazoles can contaminate the air, the soil, and the water, field data are currently and dramatically lacking to assess if, and to what extent, the use of triazoles could contaminate non-target wild vertebrate species, notably in agroecosystems. In this study, we aimed to document for the first time the degree of blood contamination of a generalist wild bird species by multiple azoles which are used for plant protection and fungi pest control in various habitats. We deployed passive air samplers and captured 118 Common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in an agroecosystem (vineyard), a protected forest, and a city in western France. We collected blood and analyzed the plasma levels of 13 triazoles and 2 imidazoles. We found that a significant percentage of blackbirds living in vineyards have extremely high plasma levels of multiple azoles (means (pg.g⁻¹); tebuconazole: 149.23, difenoconazole: 44.27, fenbuconazole: 239.38, tetraconazole: 1194.16), while contamination was very limited in the blackbirds from the protected forest and absent in urban blackbirds. Interestingly, we also report that the contamination of blackbirds living in vineyard was especially high at the end of Spring and the beginning of Summer and this matches perfectly with the results from the passive air samplers (i.e., high levels of azoles in the air of vineyards during June and July). However, we did not find any correlation between the levels of plasma contamination by azoles and two simple integrative biomarkers of health (feather density and body condition) in this sentinel species. Future experimental studies are now needed to assess the potential sub-lethal effects of such levels of contamination on the physiology of non-target vertebrate species.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]High contamination of a sentinel vertebrate species by azoles in vineyards: a study of common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in multiple habitats in western France
2023
Angelier, Frédéric | Prouteau, Louise | Brischoux, François | Chastel, Olivier | Devier, Marie-Hélène | Le Menach, Karyn | Martin, Stéphan | Mohring, Bertille | Pardon, Patrick | Budzinski, Hélène | Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC) ; La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC) ; Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU) ; Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Environmental and Marine Biology ; Åbo Academy University | ANR-16-CE02-0004,URBASTRESS,Influence de l'urbanisation sur les populations de vertébrés: une approche éco-physiologique(2016) | ANR-20-CE34-0008,VITIBIRD,Impact des pesticides sur les populations aviaires des vignobles français: une approche intégrative(2020)
International audience | Azoles represent the most used family of organic fungicides worldwide and they are used in agriculture to circumvent the detrimental impact of fungi on yields. Although it is known that these triazoles can contaminate the air, the soil, and the water, field data are currently and dramatically lacking to assess if, and to what extent, the use of triazoles could contaminate non-target wild vertebrate species, notably in agroecosystems. In this study, we aimed to document for the first time the degree of blood contamination of a generalist wild bird species by multiple azoles which are used for plant protection and fungi pest control in various habitats. We deployed passive air samplers and captured 118 Common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in an agroecosystem (vineyard), a protected forest, and a city in western France. We collected blood and analyzed the plasma levels of 13 triazoles and 2 imidazoles. We found that a significant percentage of blackbirds living in vineyards have extremely high plasma levels of multiple azoles (means (pg.g⁻¹); tebuconazole: 149.23, difenoconazole: 44.27, fenbuconazole: 239.38, tetraconazole: 1194.16), while contamination was very limited in the blackbirds from the protected forest and absent in urban blackbirds. Interestingly, we also report that the contamination of blackbirds living in vineyard was especially high at the end of Spring and the beginning of Summer and this matches perfectly with the results from the passive air samplers (i.e., high levels of azoles in the air of vineyards during June and July). However, we did not find any correlation between the levels of plasma contamination by azoles and two simple integrative biomarkers of health (feather density and body condition) in this sentinel species. Future experimental studies are now needed to assess the potential sub-lethal effects of such levels of contamination on the physiology of non-target vertebrate species.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Behavior of Ag nanoparticles in soil: Effects of particle surface coating, aging and sewage sludge amendment
2013
Whitley, Annie R. | Levard, Clément | Oostveen, Emily | Bertsch, Paul M. | Matocha, Chris J. | Kammer, Frank, von Der | Unrine, Jason M. | Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
International audience | This study addressed the relative importance of particle coating, sewage sludge amendment, and aging on aggregation and dissolution of manufactured Ag nanoparticles (Ag MNPs) in soil pore water. Ag MNPs with citrate (CIT) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coatings were incubated with soil or municipal sewage sludge which was then amended to soil (1% or 3% sludge (w/w)). Pore waters were extracted after 1 week and 2 and 6 months and analyzed for chemical speciation, aggregation state and dissolution. Ag MNP coating had profound effects on aggregation state and partitioning to pore water in the absence of sewage sludge, but pre-incubation with sewage sludge negated these effects. This suggests that Ag MNP coating does not need to be taken into account to understand fate of AgMNPs applied to soil through biosolids amendment. Aging of soil also had profound effects that depended on Ag MNP coating and sludge amendment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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