Forest fires significantly affect the wildlife, vegetation, composition and structure of the forests. This study explores the potential of partially burnt wood recovered in the aftermath of a recent Canadian forest fire incident as a feedstock for generating hydrogen-rich syngas through hydrothermal gasification. Partially burnt wood was gasified in hydrothermal conditions to study the influence of process temperature (300–500 °C), residence time (15–45 min), feed concentration (10–20 wt%) and biomass particle size (0.13 mm and 0.8 mm) using the statistical Taguchi method. Maximum hydrogen yield and total gas yield of 5.26 mmol/g and 11.88 mmol/g, respectively were obtained under optimized process conditions at 500 °C in 45 min with 10 wt% feed concentration using biomass particle size of 0.13 mm. The results from the mean of hydrogen yield show that the contribution of each experimental factors was in the order of temperature > feed concentration > residence time > biomass particle size. Other gaseous products obtained at optimum conditions include CO₂ (3.43 mmol/g), CH₄ (3.13 mmol/g) and C₂–C₄ hydrocarbons (0.06 mmol/g).

Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is attracting increased interest because it can achieve high system energy efficiency (>50%), which is predicted to increase with the increase in the solar share in biomass IGCC. This study evaluated the potential of crop residues numerically for the co-production of power and bio-fertilizer using ASPEN Plus® simulation software. The results showed that the gas yield increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure while the yield of bio-fertilizer is dependent on the biomass composition. The biomass with a low ash content produces high bio-fertilizer at the designated gasification temperature. The IGCC configuration conserves more energy than a directly-fired biomass power plant. In addition, the solar-assisted IGCC attains a higher net electricity output per unit of crop residue feed and achieves net thermal efficiencies of around 53%. The use of such hybrid systems offer the potential to produce 0.55 MW of electricity per unit of solar-thermal energy at a relatively low cost. The ASPEN Plus model predicted that the solar biomass-based IGCC set up is more efficient in increasing the power generation capacity than any other conversion system. The results showed that a solar to electricity efficiency of approximately 55% is achievable with potential improvements. This work will contribute for the sustainable bioenergy production as the relationship between energy production and biomass supplies very important to ensure the food security and environmental sustainability.

Five different domestic heating boilers (automatic, over-fire, with down-draft combustion and gasification) and three types of fuel (lignite, wood and mixed fuel) were examined in 25 combustion tests and correlated with the emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), total organic carbon (TOC) and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs with MW = 178–278 g/mol) focusing on particle phase. However, the distribution of 12 PAHs in gas phase was considered as well due to the presence mainly of lighter PAHs in gas phase. The PAHs, as well as the CO and TOC, are the indicators of incomplete combustion, and in this study PAH emission increased significantly with increasing emissions of CO and TOC. The PAHs were mainly detected on PM2.5, their contents were increasing linearly with increasing PM2.5 emissions. The highest emission factors of PAHs were measured for boilers of old construction, such as over-fire boiler (5.8–929 mg/kg) and boiler with down-draft combustion (3.1–54.1 mg/kg). Modern types of boilers produced much lower emissions of PAHs, in particular, automatic boiler (0.3–3.3 mg/kg) and gasification boilers (0.2–6.7 mg/kg). In general, the inefficient combustion at reduced output of boilers generated 1.4–17.7 times more emissions of PAHs than the combustion at nominal output of boilers. It is recommended to operate boilers at nominal output with sufficient air supply and to use the proper fuel to minimise PAHs emissions from domestic heating appliances.

Carbon capture has become an important technology to mitigate ever-increasing CO₂ emissions worldwide, and alkali waste is a potential source of CO₂ capture material. Slagging-gasification is a novel technology for treating municipal solid waste (MSW), and the gasification fly ash (GFA) is the only solid residue that is not reused at present due to its high heavy metal content. GFA contains high amounts of Ca(OH)₂ and Ca(OH)Cl, making it protentional for CO₂ capture. In this study, GFA and washed gasification fly ash (WGFA) were treated with CO₂ for different treatment periods. Weight changes of samples were recorded to evaluate the efficiency of CO₂ capture. To assess the properties of treated GFA, pH value, leached heavy metal concentration, mineral composition, and microscopic morphology were studied. The results revealed that GFA and WGFA could adsorb 18.8% and 23.7% CO₂ of their weights, respectively. Carbonation could immobilize heavy metals including Pb, Zn, and Cu when a proper treatment period was applied. An excessive treatment period decreased the efficiency of heavy metal immobilization. Pre-washing is recommended as a pre-treatment method for GFA carbonation, which increased the efficiency to adsorb CO₂, improved the pH of carbonated GFA, and enhanced the effect to immobilize heavy metals.

Uncoupling chemical looping gasification (CLG), the organic sulfur evolution was simulated and explored qualitatively and quantitatively using typical sulfur compounds on TG-MS and temperature-programmed fixed bed. The HS radical in the reductive atmosphere easier converted to H₂S and COS. H₂O activated the evolution of S which was stably bonded to carbon, and H₂ generated from gasification and oxidation of reductive Fe by H₂O contributed to the release of sulfur. The proportion of H₂S released from sulfur compounds was greater than 87% in steam gasification, and more than 60% during CLG. Oxygen carriers promoted the conversion of sulfur to SO₂ in the mid-temperature region (500 °C–700 °C), and H₂S in the high temperature region (700 °C–900 °C). Sulfur species played a pivotal role in sulfur evolution at low temperature of CLG. The organic sulfur in mercaptan and benzyl were more easily converted and escaped than in thiophene and phenyl. The thermal stability of sulfur species, the presence of steam and OC affected the initial temperature and peak concentration of gas sulfur release as well as sulfur distribution. Consequently, CLG strengthened the sulfur evolution, and made it possible to targeted restructure the distribution of sulfur by regulating process parameters, or blending fuel with different sulfur species for emission reduction, and selective conversion of sulfur.

Gasification and pyrolysis technologies have been widely employed to produce fuels and chemicals from solid wastes. Rare studies have been conducted to compare the particulate emissions from gasification and pyrolysis, and relevant inhalation exposure assessment is still lacking. In this work, we characterized the particles emitted from the gasification and pyrolysis experiments under different temperatures (500, 600, and 700 °C). The collection efficiencies of existing cyclones were compared based on particle respiratory deposition. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most effective design parameters. The particles emitted from both gasification and pyrolysis process are mainly in the size range 0.25–1.0 μm and 1.0–2.5 μm. Particle respiratory deposition modelling showed that most particles penetrate deeply into the last stage of the respiratory system. At the nasal breathing mode, particles with sizes ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 μm account for around 91%, 74%, 76%, 90%, 84%, and 79% of the total number of particles that deposit onto the last stage in the cases of 500 °C gasification, 600 °C gasification, 700 °C gasification, 500 °C pyrolysis, 600 °C pyrolysis, and 700 °C pyrolysis, respectively. At the oral breathing mode, particles with sizes ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 μm account for around 92%, 77%, 79%, 91%, 86%, and 81% of the total number of particles that deposit onto the last stage in the six cases, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the particle removal efficiency was found to be most sensitive to the cyclone vortex finder diameter (D₀). This work could potentially serve as the basis for proposing health protective measures against the particulate pollution from gasification and pyrolysis technologies.

In recent years, slagging-gasification technology has received increasing attention in treating municipal solid waste (MSW). Compared with conventional incineration, the higher temperature in the slagging-gasification process optimizes its residue composition, and gasification fly ash (GFA) is the only unreused solid residue. Although GFA is a potential civil engineering material, its high content of heavy metals, chlorides, and sulfates hinders its practical use. Moreover, although carbonation has proven to immobilize heavy metals in incineration fly ash, the conventional gas carbonation method cannot remove chlorides and sulfates. In this study, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) treatment was studied to treat GFA for the first time, and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) was used for comparison. Different concentrations of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ solutions were used to treat the GFA, and comprehensive tests were conducted on the treated samples. The results indicated that NaHCO₃ treatment was effective in immobilizing Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni in GFA, while Na₂CO₃ treatment could not effectively immobilize Pb and Zn. Both NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ promoted the removal of chlorides and sulfates in GFA. The wastewater from the NaHCO₃ treatment contained fewer heavy metals compared with those from water washing or Na₂CO₃ treatment, benefitting its treatment or reuse.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly valuable component of syngas which could be used to synthesize various chemicals and fuels. Conventionally, syngas is derived from fossil-based natural gas and coal which are non-renewable. To curb the problem, CO₂ gasification offers a win-win solution in which CO₂ is converted with wastes to CO, achieving carbon emission mitigation and addressing waste disposal issue simultaneously. In this review, gasification of various wastes by CO₂ with particular focus given to generation of CO-rich syngas is presented and critically discussed. This includes the effects of operating parameters (temperature, pressure and physicochemical properties of feedstocks) and advanced CO₂ gasification techniques (catalytic CO₂ gasification, CO₂ co-gasification and microwave-driven CO₂ gasification). Furthermore, associated technological challenges are highlighted and way forward in this field are proposed.

Biochar is carbonaceous mass that is produced from pyrolysis or gasification of biomass. It is so far majorly explored for soil remediation application, but recently it has attracted a lot of interest because of its unexplored applications in the area of adsorption. In this work, detailed study on biochars produced from two different feeds (rice husk and saw dust), at two different temperatures (450 and 550°C) and two different rates (fast and slow) of pyrolysis are discussed for oil spill mitigation. Biochar is characterized in detail by various techniques such as FTIR, 13C CPMAS, FESEM, RAMAN, TGA to determine the structural composition and observe the extent of pyrolysis. Tests to assess the performance of produced biochars as sorbents for oil spill mitigation have been demonstrated. The as produced biochars selectively absorbed crude oil from oil/water biphasic mixtures in various capacities.

The raw syngas effluent from a fluidized bed gasifier typically contains a large amount of fly ash having a high concentration of carbon, which is undesirable. The present work examined the newly developed entrained-flow gasification technology intended to gasify raw syngas. Simulation of gas–solid flow and reaction behavior in an industrial-scale entrained-flow gasifier applying this new technology was first performed to obtain a better understanding of the particle flow and gasification characteristics. In addition, the devolatilization and heterogeneous reactions of fly ash particles were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and user-defined function. The predictions from the simulation showed good agreement with the results of in situ experimental measurements. The combustion reaction for raw syngas occurred in the burner jet zone. As the hot gaseous products diffused, gasification reactions dominated the other zones. When burner inclination angle was 0°, 8.5°, and 25.5°, the temperature at the bottom outlet of the gasifier was lower than the ash flow temperature with the value of 1360 °C. Solid slag formed and blocked the outlet. By comparison, this gasifier with the burner inclination angle of 17° could discharge the liquid slag and function as a continuous operation. In this way, the carbon conversion in fly ash reached the maximum value of 87%.