Recently, health damage to children exposed to synthetic polyurethane (PU) running tracks has aroused social panic in China. Some possible toxic volatiles may be responsible for these damages. However, the exact cause remains unclear. We have detected a low concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂; 1.80–3.30 mg/m³) on the surface of the PU running track. Surprisingly, we found that SO₂ was generated from the PU running track, and even such a low concentration of SO₂ could induce severe lung inflammation with hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory factor secretion in mice after 2-week exposure. Prolonged exposure (5 weeks) to the SO₂ caused chronic pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in the mice. Peripheral hemogram results showed that platelet concentration increased significantly in the SO₂ group compared to that in the control group, and the proportion of blood neutrophils and monocytes among total leukocytes was more imbalanced in the SO₂ group (16.6%) than in the control group (8.0%). Further histopathology results of sternal marrow demonstrated that hematopoietic hyperplasia was severely suppressed with increased reticular stroma and adipocytes under SO₂ exposure. These data indicate that a low concentration of SO₂ generated spontaneously from PU running track outdoors as a secondary product is still harmful to health, as it impairs the respiratory system, hematopoiesis, and immunologic function. This indicates that the low-concentration SO₂ could be a major cause of diseases induced by air pollution, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Warfarin-induced vitamin K (VK) recycling impairment is used worldwide as a rodenticide and human thromboembolic prophylactic. Since VK metabolism/signaling pathways have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, its release to the environment might impact on aquatic organisms. Present study assessed the toxic effect of warfarin (0, 5, 25 and 125 mg L−1) on zebrafish development and characterized underlying mechanisms of action through qPCR analysis of VK-related genes. Expression of pregnane X receptor (pxr), the nuclear receptor binding vitamin K, was ubiquitous in zebrafish and suggests that warfarin exposure may interfere with several biological processes. Indeed, warfarin exposure of zebrafish larvae caused hemorrhages in brain, skeletal deformities and triggered ectopic calcifications, which may be the consequence of an altered γ-carboxylation of VK-dependent proteins and/or pxr signaling. This study provides new insights into warfarin effects as a bone homeostasis disruptor and soft tissue calcification inductor, and its potential risk for aquatic environments.

In this study, we aimed to identify the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on the tissues of common carp. For this purpose, we evaluated histopathological changes in the brain, gills, liver, kidney, testis, and ovaries after 21 days of chlorpyrifos exposure. Activation of 8-OHdG, cleaved caspase-3, and iNOS were assesed by immunofluorescence assay in chlorpyrifos-exposed brain and liver tissue. Additionally, we measured the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-8, iNOS, MT1, CYP1A, and CYP3A genes in chlorpyrifos-exposed brain tissue, as well as the expression levels of FSH and LH genes in chlorpyrifos-exposed ovaries, using qRT-PCR. We observed severe histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage, in the evaluated tissues of common carp after both high and low levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos. We detected strong and diffuse signs of immunofluorescence reaction for 8-OHdG, iNOS, and cleaved caspase-3 in the chlorpyrifos-exposed brain and liver tissues. Furthermore, we found that chlorpyrifos exposure significantly upregulated the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, iNOS, and MT1, and also moderately upregulated CYP1A and CYP3A in the brain tissue of exposed carp. We also noted downregulation of FSH and LH gene expressions in chlorpyrifos-exposed ovary tissues. Based on our results, chlorpyrifos toxication caused crucial histopathological lesions in vital organs, induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and brain tissues, and triggered reproductive sterility in common carp. Therefore, we can propose that chlorpyrifos toxication is highly dangerous to the health of common carp. Moreover, chlorpyrifos pollution in the water could threaten the common carp population. Use of chlorpyrifos should be restricted, and aquatic systems should be monitored for chlorpyrifos pollution.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses significant long- and short-term risks to both the developing fetus and the mother. GDM can lead to maternal complications during pregnancy and increase the mother’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease later. The present study aimed to evaluate the maternal and fetal vasculopathies in the placenta of Saudi women with GDM. This prospective study examined 84 placentas from full-term pregnant women with no complications other than GDM; 40 placentas were collected from healthy women (controls), and 44 were collected from women diagnosed with GDM. The sampling took place in King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, between January and August 2019. All placentas were histologically examined according to the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group (2014, 2015). The results showed that the most common placental changes on the maternal side of the placenta in the GDM group were significant syncytial knots (77%), calcification (70%), villous agglutination (57%), decidual vasculopathy (43%), and retroplacental hemorrhage (34%). Placental infarction was the least common placental change in both groups. On the fetal side, vasculopathies included significant villous fibrinoid necrosis (70.5%), chorangiosis (50%), fibromuscular sclerosis (50%), and villous edema (38.6%). Significant villous fibrinoid necrosis, villous edema, and significant fibromuscular sclerosis were more prevalent in the GDM group. The present study concluded that gestational diabetes mellitus induces histopathological phenotypes in the full-term placenta. Increased decidual vasculopathy, syncytial knots, retroplacental hemorrhage, classification, villous agglutination, chorangiosis, villous edema, villous fibroid necrosis, and fibromuscular sclerosis may indicate GDM in the mother. Such findings in the placenta of a woman who has not been diagnosed with GDM increase the need for GDM examination in future pregnancies.

Chlorpyrifos (ChF) is an organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agricultural fields and indoor for controlling pests. Aquatic ecosystems are the recipients of various pesticide residues due to leaching spray drift and agricultural runoff and pose toxicity for aquatic organisms. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in the vital organs of tilapia due to ChF exposure. LC50 (24 h) was calculated as 52.78 μg/l by exposing tilapia with different acute concentrations of ChF. For assessment of sub-lethal toxicity of ChF, the fish were divided into four groups (ChF1, ChF2, ChF3, and control group). ChF1 group was treated with 1/15th of LC50, whereas ChF2 and ChF3 groups were treated with 1/10th and 1/5th of LC50, respectively for 14 days. After that, ChF induced changes in oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations were evaluated. It was found that the level of glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in the liver of ChF-treated tilapia. Histological study of liver tissues showed an increased number of Kupffer cells, hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. In the spleen of treated fish, increased melanomacrophage centers, necrosis, and congestion were detected. Disorganized muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fiber degeneration, and coagulative necrosis were observed in the heart of ChF-treated fish. It is concluded that sub-lethal concentrations of ChF can induce oxidative stress and histological alterations in the tissues of tilapia.

Two nonionic POEA surfactants (CAS No. 61791-26-2), TA15 and TH30, were tested to establish their acute pathological effects and lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) in Piaractus brachypomus. Both compounds are nonionic surfactants produced by the alkoxylation of ethylene oxide with tallow amine, and they are used in variety of industries such as textiles, paints, metal working, agriculture, and polish manufacture. Fish were exposed to six concentrations of TA15 (0.2–4.0 mg/L) or TH30 (8–140 mg/L) for 96 h. The LC₅₀ for TA15 was 2.08 mg/L and for TH30 47.32 mg/L. The main clinical signs observed in fish exposed to 4 mg/L of TA15 and 32 to 140 mg/L of TH30, were lethargy, loss of shoaling behavior, respiratory distress, changes in swimming pattern, such as, loss of balance and abnormal buoyancy, prolapse of the lower lip and superior location in the water column. The highest concentrations of these compounds induced nervous signs and collapse. The relevant macroscopic lesions were skin and fins erosions with necrotic lysis of the caudal peduncle. In addition, hemorrhages in mouth, branchial arches, and petechial hemorrhages in skin were observed. An increased fluid in the celomic cavity and meningeal hemorrhages were also evident. Organs as gills, liver, brain, and anterior kidney presented severe lesions at the highest concentrations of each compound. For the first time, it is reported lesions in interrenal tissues and choroidal bodies, as well as severe telencephalic lesions associated with the POEA toxicity. These last lesions were more severe in fish exposed to TA15 than to TH30, although the pattern of injuries was similar with both substances. According to the Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemical (GHS) by the United Nations, we reported that TA15 is classified as Acute Category 2 and TH30 is Acute Category 3 for white cachama. Due to the low LC₅₀ and the highly toxic effects of both POEA compounds for neotropical fish, a revision of the regulation of the use of herbicide mixtures by Colombian legislation is necessary.

A study was carried out to determine the pathogenicity (hemolytic activity) on corals (Turbinaria sp.) and sea bass (Lates calcarifer) of Aeromonas hydrophila from water, sediment, and coral. Samples were collected from coastal water and coral reef areas. One hundred and sixty-two isolates were successfully isolated. Out of 162, 95 were from seawater, 49 from sediment, and 18 from coral. Sixteen isolates were picked and identified. Isolates were identified using a conventional biochemical test, the API 20NE kit, and 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences. Hemolytic activity was determined. Out of 16 isolates, 14 isolates were β-hemolytic and two isolates were non-hemolytic. Corals infected with A. hydrophila suffered bleaching. Similar effect was observed for both hemolytic and non-hemolytic isolates. Intramuscular injection of A. hydrophila into sea bass resulted in muscular bleeding and death. Higher infection rates were obtained from hemolytic compared to non-hemolytic strains of A. hydrophila isolates.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced in the world and is frequently used in dental sealants, water bottles, food, and beverage packaging. Due to persistent applications, BPA has become a potential threat to a variety of organisms including public health. In this study, a total of 80 bighead carps were randomly placed in different four groups (A–D). Fish in groups B, C, and D were exposed to BPA @500, 1000, and 1500 μg/L, respectively for 60 days. Fish in group A served as an untreated control group. The body weight was significantly decreased while the absolute and relative weight of different visceral organs increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed to higher concentration (1500 μg/L) of BPA. Results on proximate analysis showed significantly lower values of crude proteins, lipids, and moisture contents while increased contents of ash in muscles of treated fish. The erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and monocytes significantly decreased while total leukocyte and neutrophil counts significantly increased in treated fish. Results exhibited that different serum biochemistry parameters like serum albumin and total proteins decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in treated fish. Histopathological ailments like pyknosis, degeneration of glomeruli, increased Bowman’s space, ceroid formation in kidneys while ceroid formation, hemorrhages, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, nuclear hypertrophy, and eccentric nuclei were observed in the liver of treated fish. Histological observation of different sections of the brain of treated fish exhibited degeneration of neurons in the cerebellum, lipofuscin deposition, microgliosis, necrotic neurons, inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage. Results on light microscopic observation of different sections of the heart of bighead carp revealed necrosis, inflammatory reaction, neutrophilic myocarditis, and hemorrhages. In conclusion, it is suggested that BPA induces adverse effects on physical, blood-biochemical parameters, and histopathological changes in multiple visceral tissues of exposed fish.

Pregnant women are vulnerable to certain environmental agents, one of which is aflatoxin. As one of the most popular aflatoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has recently garnered increased attention concerning its potential association between exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aims of the study were to examine the associations between prenatal exposure to AFB1 and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and whether coagulation function has a mediating effect on their relationship. A total of 379 mother-infant pairs were included in the present study. Prenatal serum AFB1 albumin (AFB1-Alb) adduct levels in peripheral venous blood were detected by using an ELISA kit. Multiple linear and logistics regression models were applied to analyze the relationship between AFB1-Alb levels and PPH. We found mothers with high levels of AFB1-Alb adduct levels had significantly increased postpartum blood loss (partial regression coefficient (β) = 50.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.48, 97.95). Mothers with high levels of AFB1-Alb adduct levels also had significantly increased risk of PPH (odds ratio (OR) = 4.81, 95% CI 1.01, 22.98). Moreover, concentrations of AFB1-Alb were positively associated with activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) while negatively associated with fibrinogen (FIB). One-unit increase in APTT was correlated with a 6.62-ml (95% CI 3.04, 10.20) increase in postpartum blood loss. Mediation analysis suggested that the maternal blood APTT levels had a positive mediating effect in the association between AFB1-Alb adduct levels and postpartum blood loss (β = 0.32, 95% CI 0.04, 0.68). These results indicated that prenatal exposure to AFB1 was associated with increased postpartum blood loss, possibly by interfering with maternal APTT levels.

This experimental study is done to clarify the protective role of the Adiantum capillus-veneris linn plant extracts (ACVL) in Sprague-Dawley female rat reproductive organs that are intoxicated by carbendazim pesticide (CBZ). This aim is achieved by the immunohistochemical detection of the inflammatory marker NF-ҡB-P65. This aim is achieved by the immunohistochemical detection of the inflammatory marker NF-ҡB-P65 and also, description of the histopathological and pathophysiological changes. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups (n = 8) and were daily treated orally for 4 weeks. The first group as a control, the second group was treated with ACVL plant extract 200 mg/kg b.w., the third group was treated with CBZ 25 mg/kg b.w., and the fourth group was treated with CBZ 25 mg + ACVL plant extract 200 mg/kg b.w. The pathophysiological results showed that in the third group, the ovarian tissue malondialdehyde content was elevated, but the fourth group exhibited it at a normal level. Reductions in the ovarian tissue content of glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and also serum FSH, LH, and estradiol hormones were observed in the third group, while, in the fourth group, all these items recorded normal level. The histopathological findings in the third group exhibited severe congestion and hemorrhage in the ovaries, oviducts, myometrium, gastric submucosa, splenic white pulps, and brain subarachnoid spaces. The fourth group showed protection from the congestion and hemorrhage, and no histopathological changes occurred. The immunohistochemical results in the third group revealed strong positive immunoreaction against the NF-ҡB-P65 antigen in the uterus and stomach. Ovaries, spleen, and brain showed moderate positive immunoreaction. The fourth group disclosed negative immunoreaction for the NF-ҡB-P65 antigen. In conclusion, CBZ toxicity induced histopathological changes in female rat reproductive organs. CBZ induced changes in the enzymatic activities measured in ovarian and brain tissue homogenates. CBZ causes an elevation in NF-ҡB P65 as an inflammatory marker, especially in the uterus and stomach. The ACVL plant extract acts as a protective factor to prevent the CBZ toxicity and also has an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the synthesis of NF-ҡB-P65.