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Sediment pollution: An assessment of anthropogenic and geogenic trace element contributions along the central Algerian coast
2023
Aroua, Mohamed | Boulahdid, Mostefa | Radakovitch, Olivier | Benhalima, Moustafa | Guendouzi, Yassine | Fowler, Scott | Ambrosi, Jean-Paul | Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral (ESSMAL) | Laboratoire de recherche sur les transferts des radionucléides dans les écosystèmes aquatiques (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRTA) ; Service de recherche sur les transferts et les effets des radionucléides sur les écosystèmes (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE) ; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) | Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU) ; State University of New York (SUNY) | Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | This research work was financiallysupported by the French program METMAR-MERMEX as part of the PHCTASSILI project (Code PHC: 17MDU986; Title: Inputs, accumulationsand trace metal contamination in Algiers and Marseille coastal areas).
International audience | Sediment cores from the central Algerian coast were collected to investigate the distribution, sources and risk oftrace metals. The local geochemical background of metals was defined from the core S collected in an uncontaminatedarea of the coast. The anthropogenic inputs in Algiers Bay elevated Ag, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationsas their maximum were 3.1, 3, 2.1 and 1.8 times the background values, respectively. Meanwhile, increasedcontents of Arsenic (up to 21.1 mg/kg) were detected in all sites. Correlations and PCA suggest that lithogenicsources controlled metal deposition, while most sediment arsenic was agriculture-derived. Organic matter actedas a sink or source for some trace metals. According to EFs, the study area showed slight to moderate enrichmentwith respect to Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu, whereas they remained uncontaminated with Cr, V, Co and Ni. Thisstudy provides a needed baseline for future environmental investigations.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Occurrence, contamination level and ecological risk assessment of dissolved and particulate trace elements in rivers entering the southwestern Mediterranean Sea
2022
Benhalima, Moustafa | Boulahdid, Mostefa | Guendouzi, Yassine | Radakovitch, Olivier | Aroua, Mohamed | Fowler, Scott, W | Ambrosi, Jean-Paul | Angeletti, Bernard | Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral (ESSMAL) | CENTRE UNIVERSITAIRE DE TIPAZA OUED MERZOUG TIPAZA DZA ; Partenaires IRSTEA ; Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA) | Laboratoire de recherche sur les transferts des radionucléides dans les écosystèmes aquatiques (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRTA) ; Service de recherche sur les transferts et les effets des radionucléides sur les écosystèmes (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE) ; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) | Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU) ; State University of New York (SUNY) | Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT)Algeria and French program METMAR-MERMEX as part of the PHCTASSILI project.
International audience | Metal pollution in rivers should not be overlooked before their entry into the sea. However, there are few studies for estimating such contamination in rivers entering the Algerian coastal waters. Semimonthly quantification of dissolved and particulate metals, near the mouths of two industrial-tainted rivers, El Harrach and Mazafran rivers, was carried out during a period of one year. All the trace metals analyzed are originating from anthropogenic sources (EF > 1.5), with higher contamination of dissolved Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni and a slight degree of contamination of particulate Cu and Zn (0 < I geo < 1). Particulate metals show a stable complex with the particulate phase (e.g. 2 < LogK d < 6). The risk assessment results indicate that particulate Pb and Zn have a 33% likelihood of toxicity for adverse biological effects. A significant toxicity effect (ΣTUi >4) of the combined particulate metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and As) was primarily due to the higher particulate Cd, Zn, and Cr availability.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Anthropogenic metal contamination and sapropel imprints in deep Mediterranean sediments
2011
Angelidis, M. O. | Radakovitch, Olivier | Veron, Alain | Aloupi, M. | Heussner, S. | Price, B. | Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Sediment cores from the deep Balearic basin and the Cretan Sea provide evidence for the accumulation of Cd, Pd and Zn in the top few centimeters of the abyssal Mediterranean sea-bottom. In both cores, 206Pb/207Pb profiles confirm this anthropogenic impact with less radiogenic imprints toward surface sediments. The similarity between excess 210Pb accumulated in the top core and the 210Pb flux suggests that top core metal inventories reasonably reflect long-term atmospheric deposition to the open Mediterranean. Pb inventory in the western core for the past 100 years represents 20-30% of sediment coastal inventories, suggesting that long-term atmospheric deposition determined from coastal areas has to be used cautiously for mass balance calculations in the open Mediterranean. In the deeper section of both cores, Al normalized trace metal profiles suggest diagenetic remobilization of Fe, Mn, Cu and, to a lesser extent, Pb that likely corresponds to sapropel event Si
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Chemical and genotoxic characterization of bioaccessible fractions as a comprehensive in vitro tool in assessing the health risk due to dust-bound contaminant ingestion
2024
Castel, Rebecca | Tassistro, Virginie | Lebarillier, Stépahnie | Dupuy, Nathalie | Noack, Yves | Orsière, Thierry | Malleret, Laure | Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE) ; Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE) ; Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | ANR-11-LABX-0010,DRIIHM / IRDHEI,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011)
International audience
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Determination of the maximum bioaccumulation capacity of various metals in leaves of two Tillandsia species
2024
Gonzalez, Alexandre | Benfodda, Zohra | Bénimélis, David | Bourgeois, Damien | Herfurth, Damien | Fontaine, Jean-Xavier | Molinié, Roland | Meffre, Patrick | Détection, évaluation, gestion des risques CHROniques et éMErgents (CHROME) / Université de Nîmes (CHROME) ; Université de Nîmes (UNIMES) | Systèmes HYbrides pour la Séparation (LHyS) ; Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM - UMR 5257) ; Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des énergies bas carbone (ISEC) ; CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) ; Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des énergies bas carbone (ISEC) ; CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) ; Université de Montpellier (UM) | BioEcoAgro BIOPI-UPJV ; BioEcoAgro - UMR transfrontalière INRAe - UMRT1158 ; Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL) | BioEcoAgro - UMR transfrontalière INRAe - UMRT1158 ; Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL) | BioEcoAgro - Equipe 5 - Specialized Metabolites of Plant Origin ; BioEcoAgro - UMR transfrontalière INRAe - UMRT1158 ; Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA) ; Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL) | Université de Nîmes (UNIMES)
International audience | Tillandsia species are plants from the Bromeliaceae family which display biomonitoring capacities in both active and passive modes. The bioaccumulation potential of Tillandsia aeranthos (Loisiel.) Desf. and Tillandsia bergeri Mez acclimated to Southern/Mediterranean Europe has never been studied. More generally, few studies have detailed the maximum accumulation potential of Tillandsia leaves through controlled experiments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the maximum accumulation values of seven metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, and Zn) in T. aeranthos and T. bergeri leaves. Plants were immersed in different mono elemental metallic solutions of Co (II), Cu (II), Mn (II), Ni (II), Pb (II), Pt (IV), and Zn (II) ions at different concentrations. In addition, cocktail solutions of these seven metals at different concentrations were prepared to study the main differences and the potential selectivity between metals. After exposure, the content of these metals in the leaves were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Data sets were evaluated by a fitted regression hyperbola model and principal component analysis, maximum metal loading capacity, and thermodynamic affinity constant were determined. The results showed important differences between the two species, with T. bergeri demonstrating higher capacity and affinity for metals than T. aeranthos. Furthermore, between the seven metals, Pb and Ni showed higher enrichment factors (EF). T. bergeri might be a better bioaccumulator than T. aeranthos with marked selectivity for Pb and Ni, metals of concern in air quality biomonitoring.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Assessment of contaminants in blue sharks from the Northeast Atlantic: Profiles, accumulation dynamics, and risks for human consumers
2023
Alves, Luís M.F. | Lemos, Marco F.L. | Moutinho, Ariana, B | Ceia, Filipe, R | Muñoz-Arnanz, Juan | Jiménez, Begoña | Cabral, Henrique | Novais, Sara, C | Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal] (MARE) ; Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida = University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences (ISPA) | institute of organic chemistry (IQOG-GSIC), Madrid, Spain (IQOC-CSIC) | Ecosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux (UR EABX) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
International audience | Chemical pollution is a major threat to marine ecosystems, and top predators such as most shark species are extremely vulnerable to being exposed and accumulating contaminants such as metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aimed to study the degree, composition, and the sources of contamination in the blue shark (Prionace glauca) inhabiting the Northeast Atlantic, as well as the potential risk faced by human consumers. A total of 60 sharks were sampled in situ aboard fishing vessels, and the concentrations of a set of metals and POPs were analysed in various tissues and complemented with stable isotope analyses. High levels of contaminants were found in most sharks sampled. The concentrations of most metals were higher in the muscle when compared with the liver. Regarding the dangers to consumers posed by the concentrations of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), over 75% of the sharks presented muscle concentrations of at least one contaminant above the legal limits for human consumption, and a risk assessment determined that consumption of meat of these sharks exceeding 0.07 Kg per week could potentially expose human consumers to dangerous amounts of methylmercury (MeHg). Additionally, the assessment of single contaminants may lead to an underestimation of the risk for the human health. Finally, the overall accumulation of contaminants seems to be mostly influenced by the sharks' geographical distribution, rather than sex, size, or trophic level of their prey. ☆ This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Christian Sonne.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Screening of metallic pollution in complex environmental samples through a transcriptomic fingerprint method
2022
Cregut, Mickael | Hua, Anna | Jouanneau, Sulivan | Assaf, Ali | Cordella, Christophe, B Y | Thouand, Gérald | Durand, Marie-José | Traitement Eau Air Métrologie (GEPEA-TEAM) ; Laboratoire de génie des procédés - environnement - agroalimentaire (GEPEA) ; École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique) ; Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST) ; Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire (Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire) ; Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique) ; Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST) ; Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire (Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire) ; Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie ; Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ) | Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire (PNCA (UMR 0914)) ; AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | French Ministry of Research | General Council of Vendee | City of La Roche sur Yon | MATIERES Research program, Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire
International audience | Characterizing waste ecotoxicity is laborious because of both the undefined nature of environmental samples and the diversity of contaminants that can be present. With regard to these limitations, traditional approaches do not provide information about the nature of the pollution encountered. To improve such assessments, a fluorescent library of 1870 transcriptomic reporters from Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 was used to report the ecotoxic status of environmental samples. The reliability of the approach was evaluated with 6 metallic pollutants (As, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn) used alone and in mixture in pure and complex matrices. A total of 18 synthetic samples were used to characterize the specificity of the resulting metallic contamination fingerprints. Metallic contamination impacted 4.5 to 10.2% of the whole transcriptomic fingerprint of E. coli. The analysis revealed that a subset of 175 transcriptomic reporters is sufficient to characterize metallic contamination, regardless of the nature of the sample. A statistical model distinguished patterns due to metallic contamination and provided information about the level of toxicity with 93 to 98% confidence. The use of the transcriptomic assessment was validated for 17 complex matrices with various toxicities and metal contaminants, such as activated sludge, wastewater effluent, soil, wood and river water. The presence of metals and their associated toxicity, which seems linked to their bioavailabilities, were thereby determined. This method constitutes a possible tool to screen unknown complex samples for their metallic status and identify those for which a deeper characterization must be achieved by the use of traditional biosensors and analytical methods.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Towards simple tools to assess functional effects of contaminants on natural microbial and invertebrate sediment communities
2020
Pesce, Stéphane | Campiche, Sophie | Casado-Martinez, Carmen | Ahmed, Ayanleh, Mahamoud | Bonnineau, Chloé | Dabrin, Aymeric | Lyautey, Emilie | Ferrari, Benoit, J D | RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Center) ; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) | Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL) ; Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
International audience | Surface sediments can accumulate contaminants that affect microorganisms and invertebrates and disturb benthic ecological functions. However, effects of contaminants on ecological functions supported by sediment communities are understudied. Here, we tested the relevance of two simple tools to assess the ecotoxicological effects of metal contamination on natural sediment communities using particulate organic matter breakdown and decomposition as a functional descriptor. To this aim, we performed a 21-day laboratory microcosm experiment to assess the individual and combined effects of Cu and As (nominal concentration of 40 mg kg−1 dw each) using the bait-lamina method (cellulose, bran flakes, and active coal in PVC strips) as well as artificial tablets (cellulose, bran flakes and active coal embedded in an agar matrix). Sediment toxicity was also evaluated using the standardized ostracod toxicity test. Both the bait-lamina and artificial tablet methods showed low effects of As on organic matter breakdown and decomposition but strong effects of Cu on this important ecological function. Both also showed that the presence of Cu and As in mixture in the sediment induced total inhibition of organic matter breakdown and decomposition. The ostracod toxicity test also showed high toxicity of Cu-spiked and Cu-plus-As-spiked sediments and low toxicity of As-spiked sediments. Besides confirming that artificial organic matter substrates are relevant and useful for assessing the functional effects of contaminants on sediment micro-and macro-organism communities, these results suggest that the proposed methods offer promising perspectives for developing tools for use in assessing functional ecotoxicology in the sediment compartment.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Evaluation of environmental contamination by toxic trace elements in Kazakhstan based on reviews of available scientific data
2021
Baubekova, Almagul | Akindykova, Ainisa | Mamirova, Aigerim | Dumat, Camille | Jurjanz, Stefan | Al-Farabi Kazakh National University [Almaty] (KazNU) | Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP) ; Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (URAFPA) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL) | Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (URAFPA) ; Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | ANR-11-LABX-0066,SMS/SSW,Structurations des mondes sociaux(2011)
International audience | The environmental situation concerning pollution by (eco)toxic and persistent trace elements in Kazakhstan has been investigated by analytical reviews of scientific studies published over the past 20 years reporting concentrations of 10 toxic trace elements (TTE) observed in soil, sediments or surface water. A database of 62 articles published in Kazakh, Russian or English covered the majority of the territory of the country for soil and water samples but to a lesser extent for sediments. Reported concentrations were summarized using statistical parameters, then spatialized and finally classified in contamination classes according to local legislation. This analysis revealed some hotspots of TTE in surface waters (Cd and Pb), soil (As) and sediments (Cd and As). Hotspots of less toxic Cu, Zn and Mn were also detected. Spatialization of results allowed localization of these hotspots close to industrial sites, such as smelters or mining and metallurgic combines. Others have been shown to be close to disused mining sites or landfills with municipal waste. Methodological improvements for further studies have been suggested, such as to integrate more West Kazakhstan or remote areas in sampling campaigns, but also to describe more exhaustively the used analytical methods and to be more attentive to the speciation of the analyzed form of the element. Finally, a management strategy to strengthen a sustainable food policy has been proposed: to reduce emissions by modernization of industrial facilities and better waste management, to organize land use depending on the contamination levels and to reduce the bioavailability of the toxic elements.
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