Wastewater treatment is a priority, as most of this is discharged into rivers, lakes, seas, and soil. Since there is no treatment facility in Martnez de la Torre, Veracruz, these fluids are released straight into the Filobobos River without treatment. Hence, the Moringa oleifera seed was evaluated as a primary treatment. In this study using wastewater from a direct discharge, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, and conductivity were determined as control measures. In the jar test, the treatments were carried out using different amounts of coagulant salts (aluminum and iron sulfate) and moringa powder; starting the agitation at 120 rpm for 5 minutes and immediately it was reduced to 60 rpm in 10 minutes with a rest time of 1 hour. After that, the quality parameters were analyzed. The moringa coagulant achieved an average maximum reduction of 71.84 per cent and 89.36 per cent in turbidity and Total Suspended Solids, respectively, which was higher than the salts used. Furthermore, its application had no effect on pH and conductivity parameters, and the coagulant based on Moringa oleifera as a primary treatment agent, since these qualities do not alter and post-treatment is not required, as in the case with salts.

The production of personal hygiene and body products generates wastewater with a high load of surfactants, a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), and abundant oils and greases. Aluminum sulfate (AS) and two solutions of natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds prepared with a 1M NaCl solution and 1.5M NaCl solution were used. Aluminum sulfate, Moringa oleifera Lam. in 1M NaCl, and Moringa oleifera Lam. in 1.5M NaCl solutions reduced turbidity at rates 94.48%, 98.07%, and 97.87%; reduced COD at rates 46.36%, 49.15%, and 42.7%; and reduced oil and grease at rates 98.72%, 78.65%, and 97.41%, respectively. Mutagenicity tests with guppies showed a lower toxicity of Moringa oleifera Lam. extract compared with aluminum sulfate. This work shows that Moringa oleifera Lam. extract has high potential for use as an alternative to aluminum sulfate; therefore, this study will contribute to proposals for the sustainable treatment of effluents from the cosmetic industry.

The increasing demand for using competent and inexpensive methods based on biomaterials, like adsorption and biosorption, has given rise to the low-priced alternative biosorbents. In the past few years, Moringa oleifera (MO) has emerged as a green and low-priced biosorbent for the treatment of contaminated waters with heavy metals and dyes, and given its availability, we can create another generation of effective biosorbents based on different parts of this plant. In this review paper, we have briefed on the application of MO as a miraculous biosorbent for water purification. Moreover, the primary and cutting-edge methods for the purification and modification of MO to improve its adsorption are discussed. It was found that MO has abundant availability in the regions where it is grown, and simple chemical treatments increase the effectiveness of this plant in the treatment of some toxic contaminants. The different parts of this miraculous plant’s “seeds, leaves, or even husks” in their natural form also possess appreciable sorption capacities, high efficiency for treating low metal concentrations, and rapid adsorption kinetics. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of different parts of MO as biosorbent, the conditions favorable to this biosorption, also, the proposal of a logical mechanism, which can justify the high efficiency of this plant, are discussed in this review. Finally, several conclusions have been drawn from some important works and which are examined in this review, and future suggestions are proposed.

Cyanobacteria are microorganisms capable of releasing toxic metabolites in freshwater, deleterious to humans and other living organisms even in very low concentrations. Removing both cyanobacteria cells and their metabolites in conventional water treatment systems is still a challenge that needs to be addressed. This paper evaluated the use of Moringa oleifera saline extract and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) as coagulants in order to remove cells and metabolites of M. aeruginosa from water. Samples consisted of synthetic water spiked with humic acid and M. aeruginosa cells, with a final turbidity of 25 NTU. Coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/D/DAF) tests were performed with 50 mg/L of M. oleifera coagulant, combined with different proportions of PACl (10–50%). For removal of metabolites, 25 μg/L of microcystin and 50 ng/L of 2-MIB and geosmin were spiked in water samples. The best results were obtained with 70:30 M. oleifera:PACl, achieving removal efficiencies of 81.37%, 74.69%, and 71.06% for turbidity, color, and cell density, respectively. For microcystin, 2-MIB, and geosmin, after filtration (30 min), global removal efficiencies (clarification + filtration) of 99.45%, 62.37%, and 100%, respectively, were obtained, using Sand+GAC filter. The results suggest that the substitution of PACl by M. oleifera extract can be a good option to remove cyanobacteria cells from water, and high removal efficiencies of metabolites can be achieved after the complete proposed treatment.

The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater has been reported in many countries, mainly because the excess fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental or skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride removal by coagulation with Moringa oleifera seeds, followed by separation with membranes, was investigated in this work. Artificially fluoridated water, at a starting fluoride concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹, was submitted to a coagulation process with aqueous extracts of M. oleifera seeds. The coagulation process was followed by ultrafiltration with membranes at different pressures. The coagulation process with 2.5 g L⁻¹ of M. oleifera promoted a reduction of 90.90 % in the fluoride content of the treated water, making it possible for poor communities to consume this water. It is noteworthy that the combined coagulation/filtration process using raw coagulant showed the highest values of colour and turbidity, which, however, were still below the limits set for drinking water by Brazilian legislation. The advantage of proposing a sequential process using membrane separation is that it removes colour and turbidity, caused by the use of M. oleifera as a coagulant, resulting in water that meets potability standards.

Several coagulants/flocculants have been studied in order to remove the color and turbidity of raw water, employing natural ones demonstrated advantages in relation to chemicals. Moringa oleifera Lam is a natural polymer that has been gaining prominence in water treatment. It acts as a clarifying agent, providing a cationic protein that destabilizes the particles contained in a liquid medium. The main objective of the present work is to study the efficiency in terms of removing color and turbidity of raw water in order to obtain drinking water. For this purpose, different coagulant solutions were obtained utilizing three solutions of KCl in different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 M) and pure water combined with M. oleifera Lam seed. Each coagulant solution obtained was studied with concentrations ranging from 50 to 600 ppm of Moringa in solution. The pH was varied (4.0, 6.0, and 8.0) with 25% and 50% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), respectively. The tests were conducted with the “Jar Test Device” and the efficiency of the process was evaluated regarding the reduction of color and turbidity. The best results were found employing the coagulant solutions extracted with 1 M salt solution, pH 8.0, and different concentrations of coagulant solution. It is important to explain that the best results were in various concentration ranges, as the concentration of protein in solution becomes higher, the greater is its power as a coagulant. The lowest content of protein was found in the solution extracted with water, which consequently had the lowest values of color and turbidity removal.

This study evaluated the protective potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf alcoholic extract (MOLE) against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced stomach ulceration and inflammation in rats. Control rats received olive oil. Second group administered MOLE (200 mg/kg bwt) by oral gavage. Third group was given BPA (50 mg/ kg bwt) for 4 weeks. Fourth group administrated BPA and MOLE simultaneously. Fifth group was given MOLE for 4 weeks then administered BPA and MOLE for another 4 weeks. Bisphenol A induced gastric ulceration and decreased the volume of gastric juice, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in stomach tissues, while increased the titratable acidity, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) contents, and caspase-3 and NF‑κB proteins in stomach tissue. However, MOLE ameliorated BPA-induced gastric ulceration and significantly increased the volume of gastric juice, PGE2, GSH and IL-10 contents, SOD activity, and PCNA protein while significantly decreased titratable acidity, MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 contents, and of NF‑κB and caspase-3 proteins in gastric tissue. This study indicated that MOLE protected stomach against BPA-induced gastric injury via its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

The study explored the suitability of unfractionated extracts from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree as a coagulant for water treatment. The coagulant was obtained by soaking crushed and sieved seeds in a low salinity aqueous solution: a simple and inexpensive alternative to conventional coagulants in settings where specialized expertise and equipment are lacking. The performance of M. oleifera-derived coagulants was quantified in terms of turbidity removal, bacteriophage clearance, concentration of residual organics, as well as meta-parameters such as floc size and fractal dimension. Treating high turbidity clay suspensions at the optimal coagulant dosage (14.7 mg(DOC)/L) and flocculation mixing conditions ([Formula: see text]= 22.4 s⁻¹) removed > 94% of turbidity, similar to that recorded in reference tests with alum. Floc size distribution shifted to larger sizes during the first 10 min of flocculation with no change afterwards, while the floc fractal dimension, [Formula: see text], continued to increase, pointing to the gradual formation of denser ([Formula: see text]= 2.1 to 2.2), more settleable flocs. Preliminary tests with MS2 bacteriophage showed that coagulation with M. oleifera decreased the viable MS2 titre by ~ 1.3 log, which was significantly above the turbidity removal (~ 1 log). The extraction process, however, allowed a large amount of residual organics (> 78% of extracted DOC) into the treated water. Combining the coagulants with downstream filtration and adsorption, employing UV or solar disinfection, or limiting applications to non-potable reuse is suggested for mitigating the concerns related to residual DOC.

The reduction of the excess fluoride present in groundwater and surface water is of paramount importance to the public supply, given that its excess can trigger various harmful effects on human health, such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. In this context, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the defluoridation of groundwater using coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) process using the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) followed by ultrafiltration membrane process. C/F/S tests were carried out in a Jar test apparatus with different concentrations of the coagulant and subsequent ultrafiltration in a membrane module. The tests used different initial fluoride concentrations, coagulant dosages, and water samples (distilled, ground, and surface water). Fluoride removal was most effective using 5 ppm of fluoride initial concentration and 5 g/L of MO coagulant dosage; however, an increase in turbidity was observed. The ultrafiltration step was used to improve water quality parameters, and at a pressure of 2 bar, it was obtained 97% of turbidity and color removal and 83% of fluoride removal. Thus, the results obtained applying the combined process of C/F/S followed by ultrafiltration can be considered a promising alternative to defluoridation of groundwater intended for public supply.

Improving digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and reducing greenhouse biogases to protect the environment without the use of synthetic materials is an important goal of modern-day farming and nutritionist. Plant extracts are capable of solving these. This is due to the digestive enzymes and the bioactive components capable of performing antimicrobial functions inherent in these plants. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of standard maize substrate treated with selected herbs and spices extracts on ruminal environmental biogas production and pressure during fermentation via biogas production technique. Herbs (Azadirachta indica leaves (T1), Moringa oleifera leaves (T2), Ocimum gratissimum leaves (T3) and spices (Allium sativum bulb (T4), Zingiber officinale rhizome (T5)) were harvested, air dried, and milled using standard procedures. Methanolic extracts of the herbs and spices were prepared and used as additives at different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 μL) to the maize substrate for in vitro biogas production. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences across all the treatments on the volume and pressure of biogas. The pressure and volume of biogas when compared with the levels tested showed differences (P < 0.05) across all the treatments for the prediction of volume from pressure of biogas. The pressure and volume of gas produced in vitro increased (P < 0.05) and biogases decreased (P < 0.05) by the substrate treated with herbs and spices but for the drum stick leaves which was similar for the levels of concentration tested. This means that the level tested had a pronounced mitigation effect on pressure of biogas and volume of biogas produced. It was concluded that the herb and spice extracts have the potential to improve rumen fermentation and reduce the production of biogases in ruminant diet.