Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) for plastic degradation. This study is focused on changes in microbiome structure depending on diets. Microbial community obtained from oat and cellulose diet formed similar group, two kinds of polyethylene formed another group, while polystyrene diet showed the highest dissimilarity. The highest relative abundance of bacteria colonizing gut was in PE-oxodegradable feeding, nevertheless all applied diets were higher in comparison to oat. Dominant phyla consisted of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, however after PS feeding frequency in Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae increased. The unique bacteria characteristic for cellulose diet belonged to Selenomonas, while Pantoea were characteristic for both polyethylene diets, Lactococcus and Elizabethkingia were unique for each plastic diet, and potential diazotropic bacteria were characteristic for polystyrene diet (Agrobacterium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira).Enzymatic similarity between oatmeal and cellulose diets, was shown. All three plastics diet resulted in different activity in both, digestive tract and bacteria. The enzymes with the highest activity were included phosphatases, esterases, leucine arylamidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, chitinase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase. The activity of digestive tract was stronger than cultured gut bacteria. In addition to known polyethylene degradation methods, larvae may degrade polyethylene with esterase, cellulose and oatmeal waste activity is related with the activity of sugar-degrading enzymes, degradation of polystyrene with anaerobic processes and diazotrophs.

With the intended application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in agriculture, accurate assessment the effect of these ENMs on soil microbial communities is especially necessary. Here, maize plants were cultivated in soil amended by SiO₂, TiO₂, and Fe₃O₄ ENMs (100 mg kg⁻¹ soil) for four weeks. The impact of ENMs on bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere soil was investigated by using high-throughput sequencing. In addition, metabolites of maize rhizosphere soil were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics. We found that the disturbance of ENMs on soil microbes are in the follow of Fe₃O₄>TiO₂>SiO₂. Exposure of Fe₃O₄ ENMs significantly reduced the abundance of nitrogen-fixation related bacteria Bradyrhizobiaceae (from 2.94% to 2.40%) and iron-redox bacteria Sediminibacterium (from 2.15% to 2.07%). Additionally, Fe₃O₄ ENMs significantly increased populations of Nocardioides (from 1.63% to 1.77%), Chitinophaga sancti (from 1.12% to 2.08%), Pantoea (from 1.31% to 2.22%), Rhizobiumand (from 1.41% to 1.74%) and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia (from 1.50% to 2.09%), which are associated with carbon cycling and plant growth promoting. This study provides a perspective on the response of rhizosphere microbial community and low molecular weight metabolites to ENMs exposure, providing a comprehensive understanding of the environmental risk of ENMs.

Bacteria with arsenate-reducing (ars) and arsenite-oxidizing (aio) genes usually co-exist in aerobic environments, but their contrast impacts on arsenic (As) speciation and mobility remain unclear. To identify which kind of bacteria dominate As speciation under oxic conditions, we studied the biotransformation of adsorbed As on goethite in the co-existence of Pantoea sp. IMH with ars gene and Achromobacter sp. SY8 with aio gene. The incubation results show that SY8 dominated the dissolved As speciation as As(V), even though aio exhibited nearly 5 folds lower transcription levels than ars in IMH. Nevertheless, our XANES results suggest that SY8 showed a negligible effect on solid-bound As speciation whereas IMH reduced adsorbed As(V) to As(III). The change in As speciation on goethite surfaces led to a partial As structural change from bidentate corner-sharing to monodentate corner-sharing as evidenced by our EXFAS analysis. Our Mössbauer spectroscopic results suggest that the incubation with SY8 reduced the degree of crystallinity of goethite, and the reduced crystallinity can be partly compensated by IMH. The changes in As adsorption structure and in goethite crystallinity had a negligible effect on As release. The insights gained from this study improve our understanding of biotransformation of As in aerobic environment.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is an effective arsenic (As) scavenger. However, spent nZVI may pose a higher environmental risk than our initial thought in the presence of As-reducing bacteria. Therefore, our motivation was to explore the As redox transformation and release in spent nZVI waste residue in contact with Pantoea sp. IMH, an arsC gene container adopting the As detoxification pathway. Our incubation results showed that IMH preferentially reduce soluble As(V), not solid-bound As(V), and was innocent in elevating total dissolved As concentrations. μ-XRF and As μ-XANES spectra clearly revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of the inoculated and control samples. Nevertheless, the surface As local coordination was not affected by the presence of IMH as evidenced by similar As-Fe atomic distance (3.32–3.36 Å) and coordination number (1.9) in control and inoculated samples. The Fe XANES results suggested that magnetite in nZVI residue was partly transformed to ferrihydrite, and the IMH activity slowed down the nZVI aging process. IMH distorted Fe local coordination without change its As adsorption capacity as suggested by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Arsenic retention is not inevitably enhanced by in situ formed secondary Fe minerals, but depends on the relative As affinity between the primary and secondary iron minerals.

In Hawaii, glyphosate-based herbicides frequently sprayed near shorelines may be affecting non-target marine species. Glyphosate inhibits aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (shikimate pathway), and is toxic to beneficial gut bacteria in cattle and chickens. Effects of glyphosate on gut bacteria in marine herbivorous turtles were assessed in vitro. When cultures of mixed bacterial communities from gastrointestinal tracts of freshly euthanized green turtles (Chelonia mydas), were exposed for 24h to six glyphosate concentrations (plus deionized water control), bacterial density was significantly lower at glyphosate concentrations≥2.2×10⁻⁴gL⁻¹ (absorbance measured at 600nm wavelength). Using a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, the growth of four bacterial isolates (Pantoea, Proteus, Shigella, and Staphylococcus) was significantly inhibited by glyphosate concentrations≥1.76×10⁻³gL⁻¹. Reduced growth or lower survival of gut bacteria in green turtles exposed to glyphosate could have adverse effects on turtle digestion and overall health.

Metal contamination of estuaries is a severe environmental problem, for which phytoremediation is gaining momentum. In particular, the associations between halophytes-autochthonous rhizobacteria have proven useful for metal phytostabilization in salt marshes. In this work, three bacterial strains (gram-negative and gram-positive) were used for Spartina densiflora inoculation. All three bacteria, particularly Pantoea strains, promoted plant growth and mitigated metal stress on polluted sediments, as revealed from functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII) and maintenance of nutrient balance. Pantoea strains did not significantly affect metal accumulation in plant roots, whereas the Bacillus strain enhanced it. Metal loading to shoots depended on particular elements, although in all cases it fell below the threshold for animal consumption. Our results confirm the possibility of modulating plant growth and metal accumulation upon selective inoculation, and the suitability of halophyte-rhizobacteria interactions as biotechnological tools for metal phytostabilization in salt marshes, preventing metal transfer to the food chain.

This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of maize (Zea mays L.) in Cd-contaminated soil through co-inoculation of metal-tolerant plant beneficial rhizobacteria (MtPBR: Pantoea sp. strain WP-5) with organic manures (PM, poultry manure, and BGR, biogas residues). The objectives of this study were to (i) examine comparative efficiency of MtPBR, PM and BGR alone or in combined form to improve maize biomass and physiology and (ii) understand the role of organic acid production in root exudates of maize for Cd accumulation and translocation. Pantoea sp. WP-5 showed organic acid production and tolerance to high Cd concentration (1000 mg L⁻¹), thereby inoculated to maize seeds sown in soil spiked with 75 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil and 500 g each of the organic manures per pot. The co-inoculation of MtPBR + BGR significantly (P<0.05) increased chlorophyll contents, root/shoot dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and relative water contents and decreased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde contents, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activity in maize over the control treatment. The co-inoculation of MtPBR + BGR produced significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of acetic and citric acid (52.7±0.5 and 22.8±0.08 μg g⁻¹ root fwt, respectively) in root exudates of maize, which immobilized Cd within plant roots inferred by the positive relation (root Cd vs. organic acids; R² = 0.80-0.92) and reduced Cd translocation to shoots inferred by the negative relation (shoot Cd vs. organic acids; R² = 0.81-0.90). It is concluded that the application of MtPBR + BGR enhanced organic acid induced phytostabilization and accumulation of Cd in roots and restricted its translocation to shoots.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are solvents composed of ions, containing a large asymmetric cation with an anion. With increasing and widespread applications, the toxic effects of ILs have been considerable in recent years. This study explained the effects of the new functional ionic liquids [N₄₄₄₄] bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfonyl succinate (AOT) on rice seedling and the growth of rhizobacteria. The rice seeds pretreated by [N₄₄₄₄] AOT revealed that it exhibited a significant negative impact on rice seedlings. The inhibition of rice growth increased with increasing concentration. When the concentration of [N₄₄₄₄] AOT increased to 0.25 and 0.5 mL L⁻¹, the germination potential decreased by 40.0% and 86.3%, respectively, compared with the control. The germination potential and germination rate of rice were reduced, and the stress effect of ionic liquid on the root parts was higher than the aerial parts. The biomass of rice seedlings was decreased by 34.8 to 91.2%. Iodinic propane staining showed that by increasing concentration, the root cell cytomembrane damage level was increased and also changed the cell shapes, especially under 0.25 mg L⁻¹ concentration stress. However, rhizobacteria of rice showed strong [N₄₄₄₄] AOT-resistant characteristics when the concentration was reached to 120 mg L⁻¹. The ILs even more promoted the growth of Enterobacter sp. NP1142 and Pantoea sp. BR23. It was indicated that IL [N₄₄₄₄] AOT can be degraded easily by rhizobacteria to eliminate the eco-risk of ILs.

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can accelerate phytoremediation, especially in those fertilized soils. However, PSB function in oligotrophic growth substrates remains poorly studied. In this study, we isolated lead (Pb)- and cadmium (Cd)-resistant PSB from contaminated sandy soil at an abandoned lubricant plant. The isolated Pantoea sp. PP4 (PP4 hereafter) can produce organic acid and IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) and dissolve up to 238 mg/L of inorganic phosphate Ca₂(PO₄)₃, exhibiting biosorption capability for Pb and bioprecipitation for Pb and Cd. In the sand pot experiment, inoculation of PP4 increased the accumulation of Pb and Cd in Lolium multiflorum Lam. by 28.9% and 95.5%, respectively, and increased the available phosphorous in oligotrophic river sand by 30.8% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth of Lolium multiflorum Lam. was also stimulated, resulting in 89.2%, 57.1%, 184.6%, and 28.5% increase in fresh weight, dry weight, root length, and shoot length, respectively. NMDS analysis showed that the bacterial communities in river sand were more clustered after inoculation with PP4. These results indicated that the application of Pantoea sp. PP4 can facilitate the phytoremediation of Pb and Cd in oligotrophic growth substrates, forming a convergent bacterial community. Our findings highlighted the importance of identifying ideal PSB to improve phytoremediation efficiency in oligotrophic environments.

Benzene-tolerant phyllosphere microorganisms isolated from Dracaena sanderiana were identified as Pantoea sp. B11 and Staphylococcus sp. B12. Inoculating D. sanderiana with these microorganisms growing under 70 and 348 mg/m³ of airborne benzene showed a higher benzene removal efficiency than D. sanderiana without inoculation. Under 348 mg/m³ of benzene, inoculating D. sanderiana with Staphylococcus sp. B12 can remove benzene higher than inoculating D. sanderiana with Pantoea sp. B11 and co-culture between Staphylococcus sp. B12 and Pantoea sp. B11. In addition, individual Staphylococcus sp. B12 had higher ability to bio-remediate benzene than individual Pantoea sp. B11 and co-culture. Staphylococcus sp. B12 can also produce high indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and harbor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, which can protect plant from the stress. Photosystem II activity and chlorophyll content of D. sanderiana were decreased clearly under exposure with a 348 mg/m³ of benzene. Inoculating D. sanderiana with Staphylococcus sp. B12 had significantly higher photosystem II activity and chlorophyll content than inoculating D. sanderiana with Pantoea sp. B11 and co-cultures. In co-culture inoculation, Pantoea sp. B11 inhibited growth of Staphylococcus sp. B12, which can probably decrease benzene removal efficiency. Application of Staphylococcus sp. B12 can enhance benzene phytoremediation efficiency in D. sanderiana and protect plant from benzene stress.