Sugar industry produces a variety of organic byproducts causing disposal as well as environmental issues. This study investigated the safe use of these byproducts in assessment of soil physicochemical properties and metal accumulation in rice. A field experiment was performed with following treatments: control only NPK (CF), NPK + sugarcane bagasse (SB), NPK + press mud (PM), NPK + sugarcane vinasse (SV), NPK + SB + PM (SB + PM), NPK + SB + SV (SB + SV), NPK + PM + SV (PM + SV), NPK + SB + PM + SV (SB + PM + SV). Total byproduct input was (1.25 t ha⁻¹) as recommended for organic inputs in the local area. The results indicated that integrated use of these amendments with chemical fertilization improved soil properties and rice yield. Organic matter was significantly improved in SB + SV (191.3%), SB + PM + SV (164.4%), and SB + PM (150.9%). Total N was significantly enhanced in SB + SV (193%), SB + PM + SV (166%), and SB + PM (152.5%); extractable P was high in SB (103%), PM + SV (89.7%), and SB + PM (51%); extractable K was significantly improved in PM (39.6%) and SB (33.4%); extractable Zn was significantly enhanced in SB (1172.8%), SV (829.2%) and PM (819.1%) in soil. Rice grain yield was significantly enhanced in SB (213.1%) and PM (208.8%) while combined application also improved the yield with reference to the CF. The application of SB + PM improved N (58.7%), P (27.4%), K (11.5%), and Zn (166.4%) concentration in grain, while metal accumulation was within the permissible limit. Zn concentration was significantly enhanced in SB + PM (166.4%) whereas the concentration of Cd and Pb was significantly reduced with the application of byproducts. Health assessment results showed no harmful effects for humans. Results conclude that these byproducts are good nutrients source and improve soil physicochemical properties without any health hazards.

Worldwide, the requirement of electrical energy has increased with an increase in population. Thus, there is a need to develop an alternative source of sustainable energy, such as microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFC is a better option of energy generation and can provide a renewable resource which utilizes wastewater into power by the help of microorganisms. MFC is one of the advanced methods for treating wastewater and simultaneously producing current and voltage. Dual-chambered MFC was prepared using two plastic boxes (500 ml) by using wastewater as an anolyte. Different types of mediators are used in MFC including methylene blue, potassium ferricyanide, and EDTA to facilitate and higher the efficiency of electron transfer from the MFC to the electrode. Maximum OCV and current output of sample 1 (Budha Talab pond water) were 0.86 V and 75.1 mA and of sample 2 (Jaypee cement plant) were 1.42 V and 122 mA. The maximum current output of sample 3 (sugar industry, sewage waste, NIT canteen) was 1.3 V. Various physiochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed which affect the power output. The obtained result concluded that wastewater should be feed at a certain time interval to avoid the loss of substrate for organisms in the anodic chamber which lead to the death of the microorganism. Among all, sugar industry wastewater has a high potential for power generation as their physiochemical results are suitable for better power output.

The global sugarcane production is about 1.91 billion tons annually and is concentrated in tropical regions, particularly in developing nations in Latin America and Asia. According to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), there are over 100 countries producing sugarcane today. The increase in sugarcane production implies a proportional increase in sugar industry wastes. As a consequence of such increasing trend, sugar industries are facing severe environmental problems due to the lack of sustainable solutions for their waste management. Therefore, immediate attention is required to find a proper way of management to deal with sugar industry wastes and effluent in order to minimize environmental pollution and associated health risks. In this paper, different sources of solid and liquid wastes from sugarcane agriculture and associated sugar agro-industries are reviewed and valorization approaches of these different wastes are discussed. Some of the important resource recovery options from sugar industry wastes, which have been discussed in this review, include ethanol production, recovery of chemicals, use of bagasse and bagasse fly ash as adsorbents in water treatment and building materials. Technologies associated with the treatment of wastewater from sugar industries and efficient ways of utilization of this treated water in agriculture with special attention to measurement of crop water use efficiency are reviewed in view of our own research activities carried out in the past.

Adsorption is one of the best methods for arsenic removal from water which is established in the last few decades. Biosorption by natural biosorbents and agricultural by-product is an environmental friendly approach and has proved to be a cost-effective and non-hazardous technology for the removal of heavy metals from water. This paper describes batch test findings conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as an industrial by-product of sugar industry to remove arsenic (As) from water and compare the results with the efficiency of activated carbon (AC) for arsenic (As) removal. The effects of three parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage (Cₐ), and initial metal concentration (C₀) on the adsorption of arsenic were evaluated by using response surface methodology (RSM). It is discovered that AC and SCB removed up to ~89 and ~98 % of arsenic, respectively. The uptake capacities yielded from the batch experiment were about 31.25 mg/g for AC at pH ~7.4 and 11.9 mg/g for SCB at pH ~9. The equilibrium times achieved were 120 and 150 min for SCB and AC, respectively. This study shows that SCB is an efficient low-cost biosorption for arsenic removal from water.

Bagasse activated carbon (AC) and the new type of activated carbon (KAC) prepared with reactivation method of ZnCl₂-KOH were modified with triethylenetetramine (TETA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). The as-modified adsorbents for CO₂ separation were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, N₂ adsorption–desorption, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When the content of amine group is 5%, the CO₂ adsorption quantity of TEPA-loaded adsorbents reaches the highest at 60 °C (3.62 mmol/g for KAC and 1.98 mmol/g for AC, respectively). With a more abundant pore structure, KAC is more suitable for amine modification and its adsorption capacity of CO₂ is higher than that of AC after amine modification. Cyclic adsorption–desorption tests showed satisfactory regenerations for the modified adsorbents. Compared with other adsorbents, such as activated carbon, microporous zeolite, and mesoporous molecular sieve reported in literature, the new adsorbent prepared from the by-product of sugar industry has good performance (1.05–3.14 mmol/g larger than those of others) under the same conditions (60 °C and 15% partial pressure). The results are expected to provide scientific basis for the practical application.

Agroindustrial by-products and residues from treatment of sewage sludge have been recently recycled as soil amendments. This study was aimed at assessing toxic potential of biosolid, obtained from a sewage treatment plant (STP), vinasse, a by-product of the sugar cane industry, and a combination of both residues using Allium cepa assay. Bioprocessing of these samples by a terrestrial invertebrate (diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi) was also examined. Bioassay assembly followed standards of the Brazilian legislation for disposal of these residues. After adding residues, 20 diplopods were placed in each terrarium, where they remained for 30 days. Chemical analysis and the A. cepa assay were conducted before and after bioprocessing by diplopods. At the end of the bioassay, there was a decrease in arsenic and mercury. For the remaining metals, accumulation and/or bioavailability varied in all samples but suggested bioprocessing by animals. The A. cepa test revealed genotoxic effects characterized by different chromosome aberrations. Micronuclei and chromosome breaks on meristematic cells and F₁ cells with micronuclei were examined to assess mutagenicity of samples. After 30 days, the genotoxic effects were significantly reduced in the soil + biosolid and soil + biosolid + vinasse groups as well as the mutagenic effects in the soil + biosolid + vinasse group. Similar to vermicomposting, bioprocessing of residues by diplopods can be a feasible alternative and used prior to application in crops to improve degraded soils and/or city dumps. Based on our findings, further studies are needed to adequately dispose of these residues in the environment.

In this study, pot experiments were conducted to determine the effects of industrial solid wastes (ISWs) (ceramic, stone, and sugar factory wastes) and organic wastes (rice husk and wheat straw) on growth and heavy metals uptake by tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plants. The soil was treated with 10% of ISWs and 5% of organic wastes. The fractionation of heavy metals also has been studied in all treated soils. It was observed that the addition of ISWs in soil increased heavy metal contents in all fractions. The addition of organic wastes to control and treated soils decreased exchangeable fraction and increased organic matter and residual fractions. Following the ceramic factory and stone cutting waste addition, tomato yield significantly decreased as compared to control soil. The application of ISWs caused an increase in heavy metal contents of tomato plants. In control and ISWs-treated soils, dry matter yield of tomato grown in the presence of wheat straw was significantly restricted, while the application of rice husk increased tomato shoot and root dry weight. Results of experiments indicated that the application of both organic wastes significantly decreased heavy metal uptake by tomato plants. The investigation of health risk index (HRI) values indicated that in these industrial areas, potential health risk by intake of heavy metals from tomato for both adults and children generally assumed to be safe. The values of HRI were lesser when rice husk was applied to the soil. In general, these results highlighted that the application of rice husk in soils contaminated with ISWs increased the growth and yield of tomato and reduced the heavy metal toxicity for tomato consumption in contaminated soils.

In the present study, sugar beet mud (SBM) and pulp (SBP) produced as a waste by-products of the sugar industry were mixed with cattle dung (CD) at different ratios on dry weight basis for vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida. Minimum mortality and highest population of worms were observed in 20:80 (SBM₂₀) mixture of SBM and 10:90 (SBP₁₀) ratios. However, increased percentages of wastes significantly affected the growth and fecundity of worms. Nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, increased from initial feed mixture to final products (i.e., vermicompost), while organic carbon (OC), C:N ratio and electrical conductivity (EC) declined in all the products of vermicomposting. Although there was an increase in the contents of all the heavy metals except copper, chromium, and iron in SBM, the contents were less than the international standards for compost which indicates that the vermicompost can be used in the fields without any ill effects on the soil. Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of pre- and post-vermicomposted SBM to understand the effect of vermicomposting on the reduction of toxicity. Genotoxicity analysis of post-vermicomposted samples of SBM revealed 18–75 % decline in the aberration frequencies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was recorded to identify the changes in texture in the control and vermicomposted samples. The vermicomposted mixtures in the presence of earthworms confirm more numerous surface irregularities that prove to be good manure.

Heavy metal pollution is a common environmental problem all over the world. The purpose of the research is to examine the applicability of bagasse fly ash (BFA)—an agricultural waste of sugar industry used for the synthesis of zeolitic material. The zeolitic material are used for the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) heavy metal. Bagasse fly ash is used as a native material for the synthesis of zeolitic materials by conventional hydrothermal treatment without (conventional zeolitic bagasse fly ash (CZBFA)) and with electrolyte (conventional zeolitic bagasse fly ash in electrolyte media (ECZBFA)) media. Heavy metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) were successfully seized from aqueous media using these synthesized zeolitic materials. In this study, the zeolitic materials were well characterized by different instrumental methods such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, XRF, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopic microphotographs. The presence of analcime, phillipsite, and zeolite P in adsorbents confirms successful conversion of native BFA into zeolitic materials. Seizure modeling of Pb(II) and Cd(II) was achieved by batch sorption experiments, isotherms, and kinetic studies. These data were used to compare and evaluate the zeolitic materials as potential sorbents for the uptake of heavy metal ions from an aqueous media. The Langmuir isotherm correlation coefficient parameters best fit the equilibrium data which indicate the physical sorption. Pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion model matches best which indicates that the rate of sorption was controlled by film diffusion. The column studies were performed for the practical function of sorbents, and breakthrough curves were obtained, which revealed higher sorption capacity as compared to batch method. Synthesized zeolitic material (CZBFA and ECZBFA), a low-cost sorbent, was proven as potential sorbent for the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) heavy metal ions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the research is to investigate the application of bagasse fly ash, a sugar industry solid waste for the synthesis of zeolites and their behavior for the sorption of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). METHODS: Zeolitic materials were prepared from bagasse fly ash using alkaline hydrothermal (CZBFA) and fusion (FZBFA) treatment. Comparative batch sorption studies of prepared zeolitic material and virgin material were undertaken to determine their capacities for removal of p-nitrophenol. RESULTS: PXRD patterns revealed that zeolite P and analcime were the dominant contents of synthesized zeolitic material. Chemical composition, morphology, and crystalline nature of CZBFA and FZBFA were characterized by XRF, FTIR, and SEM. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Redushkwich, and Temkin sorption isotherms were applied to compare the sorption nature and capacity of synthesized CZBFA and FZBFA with virgin BFA. For each sorbent-p-NP system, a pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the sorption kinetics accurately. The thermodynamics of the p-NP-sorbent systems exhibit an exothermic sorption process. Intraparticle diffusion model shows that the sorption rate was controlled by film diffusion followed by pore diffusion. Regeneration of sorbents was carried out by desorption studies with HCl, NaOH, and SDS detergent. The column studies were performed for the practical utility of sorbents, and breakthrough curve were obtained, which exhibit higher sorption capacity than batch method. CONCLUSION: The sorption capacities of the synthesized zeolites had improved sorption capacities for the sequestration of p-NP and can be utilized as low-cost sorbents for treatment of p-nitrophenolic wastewater.