International audience | The replenishment and persistence of marine species is contingent on dispersing larvae locating suitable habitatand surviving to a reproductive stage. Pelagic larvae rely on environmental cues to make behavioural decisionswith chemical information being important for habitat selection at settlement. We explored the sensory worldof crustaceans and fishes focusing on the impact anthropogenic alterations (ocean acidification, red soil, pesti-cide) have on conspecific chemical signals used by larvae for habitat selection. Crustacean (Stenopus hispidus)and fish (Chromis viridis) larvae recognized their conspecifics via chemical signals under control conditions. Inthe presence of acidified water, red soil or pesticide, the ability of larvae to chemically recognize conspecificcues was altered. Our study highlights that recruitment potential on coral reefs may decrease due to anthropo-genic stressors. If so, populations of fishes and crustaceans will continue their rapid decline; larval recruitmentwill not replace and sustain the adult populations on degraded reefs

Interactions between climate change and air pollution in the context of agriculture. Agroecosystems are sources and sinks of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases. They are therefore involved in climate change and air pollution and their cross-relations. This contribution can be positive or negative. It results from complex processes, both direct and indirect, which is related to a range of topics: increase or decrease of emission and deposition, increase in fire frequency, change in plant protection etc. As for most of biological processes, there are large uncertainties and knowledge is lacking over a range of fields. However it is necessary to have a global overview of the involved processes and drivers when trying to limit the contribution of agroecosystem both to climate change and air pollution, with attention to the economic sustainability of agriculture under global change. Moreover agriculture activities refer to public policies related not only to climate change and air pollution but also water pollution or protection of the environment. These policies may interact positively or be antagonist. | Les agroécosystèmes sont des sources et des puits de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre et, par là-même, ils interviennent dans les relations entre climat et pollution de l’air. Cette contribution, positive ou négative, résulte de processus complexes, à la fois directs et indirects, et prend des formes très diverses : augmentation ou diminution des émissions et dépôts, augmentation attendue de la fréquence des feux, modification de la protection phytosanitaire etc. Comme pour la plupart des processus biologiques, les incertitudes sont importantes et les verrous de connaissances restent nombreux, alors qu’une connaissance des différents facteurs d’influence, naturels et anthropiques est nécessaire pour limiter la contribution des agroécosystèmes à la fois au changement climatique et à la pollution de l’air, tout en préservant les performances économiques de l’activité agricole. Enfin, l’agriculture est concernée par tout un ensemble de politiques publiques relatives au changement climatique et à la pollution de l’air, mais également à la pollution des eaux et à la protection de l’environnement, politiques publiques qui peuvent interagir en synergie ou être antagonistes.

A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 emerging contaminants (pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, personal care products, biocides and flame retardants) in aquatic plants. Analytes were extracted by ultrasound assisted-matrix solid phase dispersion (UA-MSPD) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after sylilation. The method was validated for different aquatic plants (Typha angustifolia, Arundo donax and Lemna minor) and a semiaquatic cultivated plant (Oryza sativa) with good recoveries at concentrations of 100 and 25 ng g-1 wet weight, ranging from 70 to 120 %, and low method detection limits (0.3 to 2.2 ng g-1 wet weight). A significant difference of the chromatographic response was observed for some compounds in neat solvent versus matrix extracts and therefore quantification was carried out using matrix-matched standards in order to overcome this matrix effect. Aquatic plants taken from rivers located at three Spanish regions were analyzed and the compounds detected were parabens, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. The levels found ranged from 6 to 25 ng g-1 wet weight except for cypermethrin that was detected at 235 ng g-1 wet weight in Oryza sativa samples.

The French Overseas Territories experience big sanitations problems and have to comply with both French and EU regulations. Vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) appear well adapted to the context of these regions, but their adaptation to tropical climate requires new guidelines to be defined (area needed, number of filters, species of plants, material to be used …). To this end ATTENTIVE project was build up in the French Antilles with local water offices and supported by the national water authorities. Three different VFCW fed with raw wastewater were built in Martinique and Guadeloupe and are now under monitoring. While the 3 plants are actually in operation, this paper will focus on Taupinière plant (Martinique), sized for 900 p.e., in operation since October 2014. The treatment plant is composed of aunsaturated/saturated vertical flow constructed wetland, receiving raw domestic wastewaters, followed by a simplified trickling filter.The first stage is 0,8m²/p.e. with two filters in parallel (360 m² each), with a 40 cm unsaturated first layer of 2/4 mm gravel, a 15 cm transition layer of 11/22 with intermediate passive aeration pipes and a 60 cm saturated layer at the bottom made of 20/40 pea gravel. The trickling filter(116 m²)is composed of 150 cm of pumice stones. The sludge accumulated at the bottom of the trickling filter is sent back to the first stage.A recirculation loop is implemented on the trickling filter. Before the outlet, effluent passes through UV. The regulationobjectives is to achieve 90% removal for COD, BOD5 and TSS, 80% for TKN, and less than 1000 unit per 100 mL for E.coli and intestinal streptococcus. Nevertheless, the monitoring look after optimal operation to increase TN removal rates as well as the maximum loads that can be treated. The monitoring consists on classical daily composite samples at each treatment stages (30 campaigns) as well as online measurements. The later aim at measuring flows, climatic conditions, and COD, BOD5, and Nitrate (UV/visible analysis) at each treatment stages. Three different loading phases has been implemented from 30 % of the nominal load to 150 %. The paper will present performances of this compact (less than 1 m²/p.e.) treatment system in both dry and rainy season and discuss the optimization of TN removal as well as the footprint reduction with the high loads that can be implemented.

CWs for combined sewer overflow treatment (CSO CWs) are vertical flow filters with detention basin and fixedoutflow rate. They receive stochastic loadsinduced by urban runoff and protect natural waters against pollutants and streambed erosion.However, due to the stochastic nature of flows, concentrations and periodicity, optimizing CSO CW design requires a dynamic approach.Computational tools are available but process-based models are difficult to handle [1].Moreover, the absence of user interface in design-oriented tools (e.g. RSF_Sim [2]) demands manual data handling and simulations of multiple designs. Therefore, a new tool called Orage was developed. Orage relies on a core model similar to RSF_Sim.Long-term hydraulics, COD and NH4-N were simulated with good accuracy. Filter material selection and scaling is based on inflow data series and a low number of inputs. The iterative shell calls for simulations repeatedly to (1) optimize hydraulics; (2) select the simplest material which isnecessary to satisfy emission requirements on NH4-N and (3) determine the minimalfilter area at which legislative thresholds can be met. A design is optimized if the maximum of moving average on simulated effluent concentrations (Peak_MA_cc) is at the legislative threshold (NH4N) or below (COD). Fig. 1 shows an example of the iteration process.

According to French standards, constructed wetlands treating combined sewer overflow (CSO CWs) are vertical flow filters with detention basin and outflow limitation. Their purpose is to treat rapid loads of wastewater with stochastic volumes, concentrations and periodicity. The first full-scale CSO CW at Marcy l‘Etoile was monitored to provide in-depth understanding of hydraulics and nitrogen dynamics. Monitoring lasted for three years incl. online equipment. The water content in the media was visualized along the longitudinal section of the filter to follow hydraulics in the fill stage. Tracer tests showed shortcutting at this stage weakening as the filter saturated which tallied with peaks of NH4-N concentrations diminishing at the outflow side. Adverse shortcutting effects can be diminished by minimizing fill time of the media. As for nitrogen dynamics, adsorption capacities showed no difference in the two filter sides, one with a sand-zeolite mixture and the other with pozzolana. An equation was fitted to temperature and adsorbed NH4-N mass measurements to calculate inter-event nitrification. The rate was found to double with every 5.7 °C. The results helped to calibrate the design-support software Orage. Finally, the washout dynamics of NO3-N were analysed to consider the possibility of a second filter stage for denitrification.

Areas similar to free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CWs) placed between wastewater treatment plants and receiving water bodies, under the perception that they increase water quality. More than 500 systems are in operation with a multitude of configurations and intended outcomes. In order to monitor these areas, research is being carried out to understand the fate of water and conventional pollutants in these systems. To this aim, a FWS CW located in southern France is monitored with traditional grab samples and 24-h flow composite samples. This site has also been instrumented with 6 Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) probes recording continuously ammonium and nitrate concentrations. Because pollutant concentrations are usually low in treated wastewater, sometimes close to quantification limits of laboratory methods, we are developing appropriate methodologies for the management of the probes and the data processing. In this context, we propose a reliable methodology to increase the quality of data from ISE probes. This methodology is based on (i) laboratory experiments for sensor characterization and (ii) field tests. Laboratory experiments allowed characterizing the operating parameters like response time, linearity range, quantification limits, and interferences. Furthermore, for one-year, field tests are led every two weeks to (i) evaluate the required cleaning frequency and (ii) do grab samples analyses that help to validate data from the 6 ISEs. A drift in time appears to be significant for ammonium sensor. An additional experiment is currently monitoring this drift to correct this effect on measurement. This study has confirmed that it is fundamental to understand the technical limitations of the measuring equipment and set appropriate maintenance and calibration methodologies in order to have an accurate interpretation of data. The result is an operating protocol mainly concerning an acceptable cleaning frequency of two weeks, a stronger complementary calibration method using water from the experimental site, an evaluation of the drift and the determination of quantification limits of these ISEs (1 mg/L for ammonium and 0.5 m/L for nitrate). This protocol generates validated data that can be used to study nitrate and ammonium dynamics. In combination with the usual 24-h composite sampling method, it gives a good understanding of the fate of nitrogen within this FWS CW system. An example of data processing will be submitted.