In this work, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium Y-1 isolated from petroleum contaminated soil in the Dagang Oilfield was investigated for its potential effect in biodegradation of crude oil. According to the analysis of 16S rRNA sequences, strain Y-1 was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. The growth parameters such as pH, temperature, and salinity were optimised and 60.2% degradation of crude oil removal was observed in 5days. The strain Y-1 showed strong tolerance to high salinity, alkalinity, and temperature. Emplastic produced by strain Y-1 at high temperatures could be applied as biosurfactant. Gas chromatography analysis demonstrated that the strain Y-1 efficiently degraded different alkanes from crude oil, and the emplastic produced by strain Y-1 promoted the degradation rates of long-chain alkanes when the temperature increased to 55°C. Therefore, strain Y-1 would play an important role in the area of crude oil contaminant bioremediation even in some extreme conditions.

The present study focuses on the application of stochastic modeling technique in analyzing the future trends of aerosol optical properties. For this, the Box–Jenkins ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model has been used for simulating the monthly average Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD550 nm) retrieved from Terra MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) over New Delhi, the urban capital of India. The satellite dataset has been collected for a period of ten years from 2004 to 2014. The analysis of autocorrelation function indicates existence of seasonality in the AOD time series. Several seasonal ARIMA models have been generated and their validation has been verified by assessing various estimation parameters, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20). After rigorous evaluation of the selected models, the ARIMA (1,0,0)x(0,1,2)12 is identified as the best fit model w.r.t. measures of goodness-of-fit like Stationary R-square (0.530), R-square (0.674), Root Mean Squared Error (0.128); Mean Absolute Error (0.095); Mean Absolute Percentage Error (16.942); and normalized Bayesian Information Criteria (−3.941). The selected models have been further used to forecast AOD values for the year 2014 at 95% level of confidence. However, the ARIMA (1,0,0)x(2,1,1)12 model is found to have minimum forecasting error, calculated as Mean Percentage Error (0.220). As the difference in BIC of both the models is minimal (0.046), so both the models have been considered as best fit models and utilized for prediction of AOD. Satisfactory results have been obtained using the selected ARIMA models, suggesting that a simplistic modeling technique for determining the future values of AOD is feasible.

Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This study tested the hypothesis that the unprecedented amount of chemical dispersants applied during high phytoplankton densities in the Gulf of Mexico induced high EPS formation. Two marine phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) produced EPS within days when exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9500. Phytoplankton-associated bacteria were shown to be responsible for the formation. The EPS consisted of proteins and to lesser extent polysaccharides. This study reveals an unexpected consequence of the presence of phytoplankton. This emphasizes the need to test the action of dispersants under realistic field conditions, which may seriously alter the fate of oil in the environment via increased marine snow formation.

The EU directive to quantify ecological quality by deviation from pre-impacted conditions often fails to be implemented because past information is usually incomplete or missing. Molluscan death assemblages, representing long-term accumulation of shells on the sea floor, average out short-term variability and can serve as a baseline for quality assessment. AMBI, Bentix and Shannon–Wiener indices were calculated for live and dead assemblages from polluted and control stations on the highly oligotrophic Levantine shallow shelf of Israel. Bentix successfully tracked deterioration over time, from moderate EcoQS in the dead to poor in the live assemblage. Additional modification of the ecological classification of species by scoring the naturally abundant Corbula gibba as pollution-sensitive improved the utility of the Bentix index in monitoring in this part of the Mediterranean. This adjustment of Bentix, and use of death assemblages for an ecological baseline, should therefore be incorporated in monitoring for compliance with EU directives.

Effect of environmental particulate materials on kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of industrial grade copper exposed in different parts of India is investigated. It is observed that the level of particulate materials in the atmosphere has more dominant role than the acidic gases on initiation of corrosion, formation of protective patina on the surface of the exposed samples leading to mitigation of corrosion. The identification of corrosion products formed on the surface of exposed samples by Raman spectroscopy provides very vital information to explain the observed corrosion rate of the metal computed in different environments. Electrochemical anodic polarization of the exposed samples supports the mechanism proposed for accelerating and protective effect on corrosion of the metals exposed in different environments.

The formation of evaporites associated with the final stages of the precipitation sequence, such as the case of halite, is frequent in marshes in arid areas, but it is not to be expected in those humid climates. This work, by means of the study of the hydrological, climatic and land use conditions, identifies the factors that allow the formation of saline precipitations in a marsh located in a humid climate area. The results obtained show that the exclusion of the marsh as a result of the embankment is the main reason for the presence of halite. It is to be expected that in the future the growth of the embanked marsh areas, together with the climatic and tidal condition tendencies recorded, will favour a higher rate of formation of evaporite salts. The identification of these factors makes it possible to set basic sustainable management guidelines to avoid soil salinisation.

In Penn Cove, ulvoid green algal mats occur annually. To examine seasonal variation in their causes, nitrogen and carbon were measured in Ulva lactuca in May, July, and September and stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios were quantified in U. lactuca, Penn Cove seawater, upwelled water from Saratoga Passage, water near the Skagit River outflow, and effluents from wastewater treatment facilities. Ulvoid growth was nitrogen limited and the sources of nitrogen used by the algae changed during the growing season. Algal nitrogen concentrations were 0.85–4.55% and were highest in September and at sites where algae were abundant. Upwelled waters were the primary nitrogen source for the algae, but anthropogenic sources also contributed to algal growth towards the end of the growing season. This study suggests that small nitrogen inputs can result in crossing a “tipping point”, causing the release of nutrient limitation and localized increases in algal growth.

Particulate matter pollution of less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) is a problem for some regional and urban centres across New Zealand during the winter period when solid fuel (wood and coal) fires are used for home heating. Elevated levels of PM10 concentrations occur during stable atmospheric conditions, when cool air temperatures and low wind speeds allow for a surface inversion to occur and trap PM10. This study examined the relationships between PM10 and local and large-scale synoptic conditions at daily and seasonal scales. Minimum temperature and wind speed were both negatively correlated with PM10 during the winter season, whilst the combination of the two can explain 30–54% of variability in average PM10. Synoptic-scale daily composites of high PM10 days showed the evolution of an anticyclone in the Tasman Sea, with an injection of cool air over New Zealand and persistent south-westerly winds leading to cold and stable conditions on the day of exceedance. Both of these results indicate that there is some potential for predicting days in which atmospheric conditions could favour elevated PM10 concentrations. Furthermore, at the seasonal scale, weaker westerly winds were found to be associated with winters with higher exceedance days, although the relationship is not straightforward. These characteristics can be associated with other, predictable large-scale climate drivers such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and may aid in identifying years in which a higher risk of PM10 pollution events exists.

This study tracked structure shifts of bacterial compositions before, during and after invading by crude oil to determine the microbial response and explore how temperature, dispersants and nutrients affect the composition of microbial communities or their activities of biodegradation in artificial marine environment. During petroleum hydrocarbons exposed, the composition and functional dynamics of marine microbial communities were altered, favoring bacteria that could utilize this rich carbon source such as the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Low temperature as a dominant factor decreased bacterial richness and catabolic diversity due to abated enzymes activities in correlation with the process of biodegradation. Dispersants exerted no negative consequences on microbial composition, however, bacterial composition by the Chloroflexi, TM6, OP8, Cyanobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes phyla increased. It seemed that more frequent fertilizer application could be equally safe to bacteria and increased significantly the abundance of bacterial strains but Actinobacteria phyla decreased.

In order to study element accumulation and trophic transfer in the food web, sixteen benthic invertebrate species and nine fish species were collected from the Daliao River estuary for analysis of toxic elements and nitrogen stable isotope in the muscle tissue. The concentrations ranged between 1.44–17.98, 0.01–9.30, 0.17–36.15, 0.7–145.4, 0.01–0.33, 0.14–14.88, 0.10–2.51, 0.02–0.14, and 19.3–221.1mgkg−1 for As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn, respectively. As, Cd, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher in the benthic invertebrates than in fish, whereas Hg and Sb were significantly lower. In addition, the benthic invertebrates were characterized by the highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for Cd, whereas the fish were characterized by the highest BAF for Hg. A significant decrease in Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni levels, and a significant increase in Hg and Sb levels were observed with increasing trophic levels.