The existence of micropollutants (MPs) including pathogens in waters poses great risks to ecological safety and human health. Sulfate radical (SO4•−)‒based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted considerable attention in water treatment for both disinfection and removal of emerging MPs. Here, we investigated the SO4•−‒mediated kinetic and mechanistic aspects of simultaneous inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ), a typical MP with high occurrence in wastewater. In the absence of CBZ, (73.8 ± 2.3) % E. faecalis were inactivated after 12 min of treatment, while in the presence of CBZ, (68 ± 1.6) % of E. faecalis were inactivated, exhibiting similar inactivation efficiency with or without MP. The second‒order rate constant (k) of E. faecalis reacting with SO4•− was determined to be (5.42 ± 0.64) × 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. In addition, two distinct types of disinfection models, one based on the quenching ratio (Q model) and the other on steady‒state concentration of SO4•− (R model), were developed to predict the inactivation kinetics of E. faecalis. Both models exhibited good performance for describing the disinfection of E. faecalis with RMSE of 0.065 and 0.048, respectively. Our kinetic experimental and modelling results on bacterial disinfection and degradation of CBZ were projected to offer valuable insight into future developments for typical wastewater scenarios where microorganisms and MPs coexist.

The use of the phenicol antibiotic florfenicol in livestock can select for the optrA gene, which also confers resistance to the critically important oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid. However, the occurrence and dissemination of florfenicol and linezolid cross-resistance genes in anaerobic treatment systems for livestock waste are unknown. Herein, the phenotypes and genotypes (optrA, fexA, fexB, and cfr) of florfenicol and linezolid cross-resistance were investigated in 339 enterococci strains isolated from lab- and full-scale mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems treating swine waste. It was found that optrA, fexA, and fexB were frequently detected in isolated enterococci in both systems by PCR screening, whereas cfr was not detected. The most abundant gene was optrA, which was detected in 73.5% (n = 50) and 38.9% (n = 23) of enterococci isolates in the full-scale influent and effluent, respectively. Most strains carried more than two resistance genes, and the average percentage of co-occurrence of optrA/fexA was 16.6%. Based on minimum inhibitory concentrations of the enterococci strain phenotypes, 85.7%, 77.5%, and 77.5% of strains in influent were resistant to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and linezolid, respectively, while 56.3%, 65.2%, and 13% in the effluent isolates were found, respectively, which was consistent with the genotype results. The phenotypes and genotypes of florfenicol and linezolid resistance were relative stable in the enterococci isolated from the influent and effluent in lab-scale anaerobic digestion system. The findings signify the enterococci isolates harboring the optrA gene remained in effluents of both full- and lab-scale swine waste anaerobic digestion system; hence, effective management strategies should be implemented to prevent the discharge of antibiotic resistance from the livestock waste treatment systems.

Organic contaminants are frequently detected in fresh crops and can cause severe damage to human health. To help control this risk, we introduce a diffusion-based model framework for estimating the removal efficiency for organic contaminants in fresh crops using a simple water soaking method. The framework was developed based on the diffusion coefficient of the organic contaminants, and its application indicates that the removal factor (RF) for organic contaminants has an inverse-exponential relationship with log Kₒw (Kₒw is the octanol-water partition coefficient), which thermodynamically restricts the removal efficiency for chemicals with large steady state log Kₒw. Additionally, the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water affects the kinetic removal efficiency. For example, the RF simulated for glyphosate, which has a relatively high diffusion coefficient, is 0.592 (61.9% of the steady state RF) after soaking for 1 h, while the RF of lindane is 0.224, which is only 25.0% of the steady state RF. However, if a refreshing method is applied, the RF of lindane can be significantly improved even if more potatoes are used in the water bowl, and this has been demonstrated theoretically with the refreshing function. Model validation indicates that the macro properties of crops, e.g., the active area through which crop tissues interact with water, have a larger impact on the results than do the micro-properties of crops and the physiochemical properties of the organic contaminants. Comparison of our results with those of other studies shows that the simulated ranges for some pesticides compare well with experimental data collected using other household washing methods. However, for other pesticides such as HCB and DDT, the simulated results and current studies are inconsistent due to physical interactions between the water and crop tissues not considered in our model.

Vernal pools are ephemeral wetlands that provide critical habitat to many listed species. Pesticide fate in vernal pools is poorly understood because of uncertainties in the amount of pesticide entering these ecosystems and their bioavailability throughout cycles of wet and dry periods. The Pesticide Water Calculator (PWC), a model used for the regulation of pesticides in the US, was used to predict surface water and sediment pore water pesticide concentrations in vernal pool habitats. The PWC model (version 1.59) was implemented with deterministic and probabilistic approaches and parameterized for three agricultural vernal pool watersheds located in the San Joaquin River basin in the Central Valley of California. Exposure concentrations for chlorpyrifos, diazinon and malathion were simulated. The deterministic approach used default values and professional judgment to calculate point values of estimated concentrations. In the probabilistic approach, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were conducted across the full input parameter space with a sensitivity analysis that quantified the parameter contribution to model prediction uncertainty. Partial correlation coefficients were used as the primary sensitivity metric for analyzing model outputs. Conditioned daily sensitivity analysis indicates curve number (CN) and the universal soil loss equation (USLE) parameters as the most important environmental parameters. Therefore, exposure estimation can be improved efficiently by focusing parameterization efforts on these driving processes, and agricultural pesticide inputs in these critical habitats can be reduced by best management practices focused on runoff and sediment reductions.

Eleven years, January 2008 to June 2019, of hourly nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) levels recorded at El Arenosillo observatory (Southwestern Europe) were analyzed. Annual averages ranged between 4 μg m⁻³ and 6 μg m⁻³ with peaks exceeding 40 μg m⁻³. A slight monthly variation was observed with maximum and minimum values in the cold (∼6 μg m⁻³) and warm (∼4 μg m⁻³) seasons respectively. A diurnal pattern was found with a weak amplitude (∼3 μg m⁻³). The monthly trends were investigated using surface observations and OMI (Ozone Monitoring instrument) satellite measurements. An unexpected upward trend was obtained in the last five years. The periods with elevated NO₂ concentrations in the last years were analyzed, showing an increase in its frequency and concentrations, linked with the upward trend observed. The weather conditions in these NO₂ peaks were studied using local surface meteorology, mean sea level pressure and wind fields from the data reanalysis of ERA5. The transport of NO₂ was explored using TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) measurements. The events occurred under conditions governed by high-pressure systems, which induced weak synoptic airflows or the development of mesoscale processes. Four scenarios of NO₂ transport were identified, associated with weak synoptic flows from inland or Southern Portugal and with mesoscale processes. The gulf of Cadiz plays an important role as a reservoir where the NO₂ coming from the south of Portugal, the Western Mediterranean Basin and urban-industrial areas can be accumulated and later transported inland. A strong correlation was found between the increase of NO₂ observed in the last years and positive anomalies of the temperature and geopotential height at 850 and 500 hPa levels. These findings could indicate that the causes of the changes in the NO₂ would be attributed to alterations in the weather patterns associated with a warmer climate.

Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) contamination in groundwater and surface water is an environmental problem of widespread concern. In this study, we combined stable isotope analyses of SO₄²⁻ (δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O) and water (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) with a Bayesian mixing model (SIAR), for the first time, to identify sources and transformation of SO₄²⁻ in an area of northern China with multiple potential sources of pollution. The overall values of δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O-SO₄²⁻ ranged from 1.3‰ to 16.3‰ and −3.8‰–8.8‰ in groundwater, and from −1.1‰ to 9.3‰ and 2.7‰–9.2‰ in surface waters, respectively. Analyses of SO₄²⁻ isotopes and water chemistry indicated that SO₄²⁻ in groundwater and surface water mainly originated from mixing of oxidation of sulfate, sewage, chemical fertilizers, dissolution of evaporite and precipitation. There was no significant correlation between δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O and SO₄²⁻ concentration in groundwater, indicating that bacterial sulfate reduction did not affect the SO₄²⁻ isotopic composition. SIAR model showed the main sources of SO₄²⁻ in groundwater and surface water comprised oxidation of sulfide minerals and sewage. In groundwater, oxidation of sulfide minerals and sewage accounted for 37.5–44.5% and 35.5–42.7% of SO₄²⁻, respectively. In regard to surface waters, the contribution of oxidation of sulfide minerals to SO₄²⁻ was higher in the wet season (31.8 ± 9.9%) than in the intermediate (22.4 ± 7.8%) and dry (20.9 ± 8.2%) seasons, but the contribution proportion of sewage was slightly lower in the wet season (19.9 ± 8.5%) than in the intermediate (23.8 ± 8.7%) and dry (24.2 ± 8.5%) seasons. This study indicates that it is necessary for local government to improve the treatment infrastructure for domestic sewage and optimize methods of agricultural fertilization and irrigation to prevent SO₄²⁻ contamination of groundwater and surface water.

Recently, the frequent occurrence of haze with aerosol pollution in China has attracted worldwide attention. Air pollutant emissions in conjunction with changing meteorological conditions create environment pollution in China. Aerosol pollution is spatially centralized in four regions of China, including the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan Basin. In this observational study, a new center of aerosol pollution was identified in the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), covering the Hubei and Hunan provinces in central China. Based on the analysis of 19 years of satellite remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the THB experiences high aerosol optical depth (AOD) values exceeding 0.9. The fine mode fraction (FMF) values below 0.3 were also detected over the aerosol polluted THB region, where aerosol pollution was dominated by the mixed aerosol type. This reflects the role of intense human activities and the unique aerosol processes involved in the regional aerosol pollution over central China. The interannual AOD variations for THB present an increasing trend (mostly >0.02 yr⁻¹) between 2000 and 2011 and a significant descending trend (mostly < -0.06 yr⁻¹) between 2011 and 2018. This inverse trends in AOD with an overall increasing trend in FMF characterizes the past 19 years. This highlights the contribution of the increase in submicron particles and meteorological effects to the regional aerosol concentrations during recent years when considering the reduced anthropogenic aerosol emissions in the THB.

Although the incidence of Crohn’s disease has increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the disorder’s exact causes and physiological mechanisms have yet to be determined. Given that genetic determinants alone do not explain the development of Crohn’s disease, there is growing interest in “environmental” determinants. In medical science, the term “environment” refers to both the ecological and social surroundings; however, most published studies have focused on the latter. In environmental and exposure sciences, the term “environment” mostly relates to contamination of the biotope. There are many unanswered questions on how environmental hazards might contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Which pollutants should be considered? Which mechanisms are involved? And how should environmental contamination and exposure be evaluated? The objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on Crohn’s disease and environmental contamination. We searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Prospero databases. We considered all field studies previous to April 2019 conducted on human health indicators, and evaluating exposure to all type of physical, biological and chemical contamination of the environment. The lack of clear answers to date can be ascribed to the small total number of field studies (n = 16 of 39 publications, most of which were conducted by pioneering medical scientists), methodological differences, and the small number of contaminants evaluated. This make it impossible to conduct a coherent and efficient meta-analysis. Based on individual analysis of available studies, we formulated five recommendations on improving future research: (i) follow up the currently identified leads - especially metals and endocrine disruptors; (ii) explore soil contamination; (iii) gain a better knowledge of exposure mechanisms by developing transdisciplinary studies; (iv) identify the most plausible contaminants by developing approaches based on the source-to-target distance; and (v) develop registries and cohort-based analyses.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural insect prevention globally. Given the potential neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and its high detection rates in food and drinking water, health risks attributable to chlorpyrifos residue in Chinese drinking water and food in both China and Denmark were assessed in this study. Mixed left-censored handling models were used to deal with the non-detected values in chlorpyrifos concentrations. Results show that chronic exposure imputed to chlorpyrifos residue is much lower than the reference dose, and will thus not pose appreciable health risk to the consumer. Compared to the total exposure from chlorpyrifos in drinking water and food sources, chronic exposure from drinking water sources in China accounts for 0–4.4%. Health risk owing to chlorpyrifos in food within China is 6-7-fold higher than in Denmark, and this coincides with the fact that all application of chlorpyrifos is banned in Denmark, in contrast to China. However, the Danish consumers are still exposed from imported food items. The main health risk contributors in China are the food groups of Grains and grain-based products and Vegetable and vegetable products, while the main chronic health risk contributor in Denmark is the food group of imported fruit and fruit products.

Despite the strong ability for complexation of heavy metals, a high amount of humic substances (HS) is always contained in membrane retentate from municipal solid waste landfill leachates treatment processes. Submerged Combustion Evaporation (SCE) can be used to effectively concentrate the membrane retentate. However, the impact of the SCE treatment on HS complexation capacity is still unclear. Since cadmium (Cd) plays a vital role in the pollution of soil and food, this study investigated the influence of the SCE treatment on the Cd complexation potential of leachate HS. Specific effects and complexation properties on Cd complexation of leachate HS before and after the SCE treatment were demonstrated using the Non-Ideal Competitive Adsorption model. The results showed that the Cd complexation capacity of carboxyl sites increased from 3.76 to 4.65 mol/kg-Total Organic Carbon (TOC) after the SCE treatment, which agreed with the stoichiometric number of proton binding sites. Moreover, characterization results indicated that SCE increased the affinity of HS for Cd by enhancing the overall aromaticity of HS (E₂:E₄ from 9.8 to 9.3), dominantly due to the humic acid contribution. By modeling the practical Cd remediation scenarios, the enhanced Cd complexation performance of HS after SCE treatment was observed even at low pH values (pH = 5) or insufficient TOC content (TOC = 50 mg/L).