Zooplankton assembly was characterized during the spring tide near a submarine outfall that discharges raw sewage directly into the southeastern portion of Guanabara Bay, near the Niterói, a highly urbanized center. The rain period directly influences water surface temperature and salinity, as has been previously observed in this bay. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were within the concentrations stipulated by the Brazilian legislation. The low chlorophyll a values observed herein may be associated with a nutritional imbalance to which phytoplankton may be subjected, observed through the carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, which probably reflects zooplankton community composition. Twenty major zooplanktonic taxonomic groups were recorded, with a predominance of holoplanktonic taxa, mainly copepods. Mean zooplankton density and composition were in agreement with other studies in the region, however, these community characteristics at each of the sampling stations appear to be related to the urbanization degrees of each Niterói neighborhood.

Plastics in the ocean are of great concern nowadays, and are often referred to as the apocalyptic twin of climate change in terms of public fear and the problems they pose to the aquatic and terrestrial environment. The number of studies focusing on the ecological effects and toxicity of plastics has substantially increased in the last few years. Considering the current trends in the anthropogenic activities, the amount of plastics entering the world oceans is increasing exponentially, but the oceans have a low assimilative capacity for plastics and the near-surface layer of it is a finite space. If loading of the oceans with plastics continues at the current rate, the thin sea surface microlayer can have a substantial amount of plastics comparable to the distribution of phytoplankton, at least in the major oceanic gyres and coastal waters in the future. Also, processes like biofouling can cluster microplastics in dense fields in the near-surface layer. Plastics can contribute to the warming or cooling of the water column by scattering and attenuating incoming solar radiation, leading to a potential change in the optical and other physico-chemical properties of the water column. We propose a new notion that changes in solar radiation in the water column due to the plastics have the potential to affect the physical processes in the ocean surface and near-surface layers, and can induce climate feedback cycles. The future can be very different, if plastics evolve as one of the key players affecting the ocean physical processes and hence this is the time to tackle this puzzle with appropriate strategies or let the genie out of the bottle.

This study investigated the network of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degraders in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas. Along the estuarine gradients, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacterial phyla, and forty-six potential PAH degraders were identified. The abundance of genes encoding the alpha subunit of the PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenases (PAH-RHDα) of gram-negative bacteria ranged from 5.5 × 10⁵ to 5.8 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹, while that of gram-positive bacteria ranged from 1.3 × 10⁵ to 2.0 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹. The PAH-degraders could represent up to 0.2% of the total bacterial community and mainly respond to PAHs and Cu concentrations, which indicate anthropogenic activities. Salinity and pH showed negative regulating effects on the PAH-degrading potential and the tolerance of bacteria to pollutants. PAH degraders such as Novosphingobium and Mycobacterium exhibit heavy-metal tolerance and core roles in the network of PAH degraders. These outcomes have important implications for bioremediation.

Recent technology developments have turned present-day unmanned systems into realistic alternatives to traditional marine animal survey methods. Benefits include longer survey durations, improved mission safety, mission repeatability, and reduced operational costs. We review the present status of unmanned vehicles suitable for marine animal monitoring conducted in relation to industrial offshore activities, highlighting which systems are suitable for three main monitoring types: population, mitigation, and focal animal monitoring. We describe the technical requirements for each of these monitoring types and discuss the operational aspects. The selection of a specific sensor/platform combination depends critically on the target species and its behaviour. The technical specifications of unmanned platforms and sensors also need to be selected based on the surrounding conditions of a particular offshore project, such as the area of interest, the survey requirements and operational constraints.

Since 2011, tropical beaches from Africa to Brazil, Central America, and the Caribbean have been inundated by tons of sargassum seaweed from a new equatorial source of pelagic sargassum in the Atlantic. In recent years the extraordinary accumulations of sargassum make this a nuisance algal bloom for tropical coasts. In 2018 satellite data indicated floating mats of sargassum that extended throughout the Caribbean to the northeast coast of Brazil with the highest percent coverage over the water yet recorded. A literature review suggests that Atlantic equatorial recirculation of seaweed mats combined with nutrients from several possible sources may be stimulating the growth and accumulations of sargassum. In the western equatorial recirculation area, new nutrient sources may include Amazon River floods and hurricanes; in the eastern equatorial recirculation area, nutrient sources that could sustain the sargassum blooms include coastal upwelling and Congo River freshwater and nutrients.

The bioturbation potential of macrobenthos communities (BPc) is an important parameter in marine ecology. Based on macrobenthos field surveys, BPc values were estimated in Bohai Bay, China. The horizontal distribution of BPc values changed across seasons while showing a certain level of continuity over time. The maximum BPc value was recorded in summer while the minimum occurred in winter. Although only a few environmental variables showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation with BPc, about 20 environmental variables exhibited a moderate correlation with BPc (0.3 < r < 0.5). The depth of the redox potential discontinuity (RPD) measured in situ changed across seasons, and the biogenic mixing depth values derived from the BPc index exhibited a relationship with the lowest RPD depth measurements. Our results suggest that the RPD depth can be predicted from BPc values, thereby showcasing a useful application of the BPc index in marine benthic pollution and environmental management research.

The impact of ghost fishing in large coastal ecosystems has generated considerable interest. In smaller, understudied systems with fewer stakeholders, derelict fishing gear (DFGs) may have impacts similar to these larger systems at the same relative scale. Four years of side scan sonar surveys in the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary (New Jersey, USA) supported the recovery of 1776 DFGs off-season by commercial partners. Locations with high densities of recovered DFGs (>200 DFGs/km²) occupied intersections of recreational vessel traffic and commercial crabbing activity. Condition and depth-in-sediment of recovered DFGs was used to evaluate true bycatch (terrapins, whelks, blue crabs) versus species utilizing degraded gear as habitat (juvenile tautog, oyster toadfish). Critically, gear recovered in-season with low cost sonars (an additional 225 DFGs) prevented the accumulation of new DFGs which likely generate the highest percentages of bycatch. Removal of DFGs in this system led to significant ecological (reduced bycatch), economic (>$61,000 in direct pay, reused gear), and anticipated future benefits (increased harvest).

Marine debris is defined as any manmade item, commonly plastics, which ends up in the ocean regardless of the source. Debris found along coastlines can cause harm or even death to nesting and hatchling sea turtles through ingestion, entrapment, or entanglement. Jekyll Island is a prominent nesting beach for loggerhead sea turtles with over 1700 emergences from 2012 to 2017. This study uses debris logged through NOAA's Marine Debris Tracker and loggerhead sea turtle nesting activity on Jekyll Island to generate density maps and evaluate possible interactions. These maps provide valuable information on portions of the coast most at risk for debris and sea turtle interactions. Using these maps help the GSTC Marine Debris Initiative focus citizen science efforts in high overlap areas of the beach. With marine debris being a global issue that impacts all sea turtle and beach nesting species, lessons learned can be applied across a wide range of taxa and management strategies.

Trace metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems is of significant concern in countries like India having a recent industrial history. The present study mainly focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution, occurrence and toxicity of five trace metals (Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb) in water and sediment matrix of Vembanad Lake system (VLS), India. Mercury analysis was done by using Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer, and the other metals were analysed using Volta metric-Trace metal analyser. The spatial distribution of trace metals in the study area showed the following trends, Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > Hg, Zn > Pb > Cu > Hg > Cd for surface water and bottom water respectively. Health risk assessment on human population associated with trace metals was also calculated to predict their health impacts on human through non-dietary exposure. The trace metals contamination in water and sediments of VLS are potential to cause cancer on human population associated with the system. Ecological risk indices showed that the northern portion of VLS is more contaminated with trace metal than the other part of the system.

Microplastics are becoming a global concern due to their potential to accumulate pollutants in aquatic environments. In this paper, sulfamethazine (SMT) sorption onto six types of microplastics, including polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was investigated by experimental and molecular dynamics simulation methods. The experimental results indicated that SMX sorption reached equilibrium within 16 h. The kinetics of SMT sorption by PA, PVC, PE, and PP could be fitted by pseudo first-order model, while SMT sorption by PA and PET could be described by pseudo second-order model. The partition coefficient Kd values were 38.7, 23.5, 21.0, 22.6, 18.6 and 15.1 L·kg⁻¹ for PA, PE, PS, PET, PVC and PP, respectively. SMT sorption onto microplastics decreased when pH and salinity increased. The molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that the main mechanisms involved in sorption are electrostatic and Van der Waals interaction.