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结果 2091-2100 的 5,014
Sludge Particle Size and Correlation with Soluble Organic Matter and Conditioning Characteristics After Freezing Treatments 全文
2019
Carrasco, M. | Gao, W.
The effect of two freezing treatment methods, combined ultrasonic freezing and conventional freezing, on secondary municipal wastewater sludge particle size, and the relationship between particle size and soluble organic matter, and dewatering characteristics (filterability and settleability) were examined. Quantitative analysis was carried out to determine the change in sludge particle sizes and the correlation coefficients between particle size and sludge volume index (SVI), capillary suction time (CST), and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) following freezing treatments. Freezing treatments significantly increased sludge median particle size (d50) to 4 to 5 times of the control, and d10 and d90 increased by 3 to 4 times. The correlation coefficients indicated that both freezing treatment methods were able to simultaneously enhance dewaterability and soluble organic matter (sCOD). Comparisons of the test results of the two freezing methods, as well as freezing methods with other treatment methods examined (ultrasound, thermal, and microwave) were conducted. The relationship between particle size and dewaterability remained constant across all treatment methods with increase in particle size correlated to improved dewaterability while the correlation of particle size and soluble organic matter seemed to depend on the treatment methods.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Native Plants for Revegetation of Mercury- and Arsenic-Contaminated Historical Mining Waste—Can a Low-Dose Selenium Additive Improve Seedling Growth and Decrease Contaminant Bioaccumulation? 全文
2019
Chapman, E. Emily V. | Moore, Christine | Campbell, Linda M.
Highly contaminated exposed legacy gold mine tailings from the late 1800s are present in many locations throughout North America and other parts of the world that experienced gold rushes at that time. Those tailing fields can pose risks to human health and the environment. Revegetation of tailing fields can reduce dust generation and other risks associated with these sites. The objective of this study was to investigate if native rapid-growing plants could be successfully germinated in mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) contaminated legacy mine tailings, both untreated and treated with a low dose of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) to promote growth and decrease bioaccumulation of contaminants. After screening many candidates, four wide-spread North American native plant species were selected, Juncus tenuis, Anaphalis margaritacea, Symphotrichum novi-belgii, and Panicum virgatum for their tolerance, presence near legacy gold mine sites, and ability to germinate rapidly in harsh conditions. Three of these species germinated and grew well in untreated tailings except for S. novi-belgii. The selenite treatment increased biomass, emergence, shoot height, and root length in J. tenuis; emergence in A. margaritacea; and root lengths in P. virgatum. This treatment also decreased shoot [Hg] and [As] in P. virgatum by 36% and 40%. Low-dose selenite treatments hold promise for supporting germination and growth of native plants in Hg- and As-contaminated tailing fields.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Potential Use of a Pathogenic Yeast Pichia kluyveri FM012 for Degradation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 全文
2019
Isia, Ismalianto | Hadibarata, Tony | Sari, Ajeng Arum | Al Farraj, Dunia A. | Elshikh, Mohamed Soliman | Al Khulaifi, Manal M.
Many organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are considerably high toxic, and have bioaccumulation potential and chronic adverse impact on both wildlife and human. This study focuses on the fate and metabolic degradation, which is the potential to be more efficient, economic, and safe compared to the aforementioned conventional methods. By these positive attributes, the present work then investigates the capability of newly isolated pathogenic yeast Pichia kluyveri FM012 for biodegradation of DDT in aquatic culture. Pichia kluyveri FM012 mycelia were cultured in a mineral liquid medium consisting of the solution of DDT (40 mg/l) with some experimental conditions such as the initial pH of the culture (5–8), agitation speed (0–150 rpm), and various carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest biodegradation of DDT by Pichia kluyveri FM012 was shown in the culture with pH 5 and 150 rpm agitation. Moreover, the use of glucose and yeast offers the best performance for the degradation compared to other carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest enzyme activity during the decolorization process was dioxygenase. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and GC-MS profile showed that the transformation of DDT has occurred. The present DDE and DDD as metabolites of DDT were confirmed by GCMS at a retention time of 17.8 and 16.6 min. The outcomes of this study have several important implications for future practice, for instance in providing an alternative biodegradation agent to remove some organochlorine pollutants.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Evaluation of the 17-α-Ethinyl Estradiol Sorption Capacity in Soil 全文
2019
de Oliveira, Renan Angrizani | Tardelli, Edgard Robles | Jozala, Angela Faustino | Grotto, Denise
17-α-Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is a widely used drug that acts in the endocrine system and in the environment; even at low concentrations, it causes extensive damage to organisms. The most relevant factors for understanding the EE2 degradation and transport mechanisms in soil are through sorption studies. This study investigated the sorption capacity of EE2 in soil collected amidst vegetation in the region of Sorocaba, São Paulo state, Brazil. The soil samples were submitted to the evaluation of the physical-chemical parameters to characterization. The zero point of charge test (ZPC) was run using the adapted method of the 11-point model. Kinetic tests were then carried out, varying the removal times of the samples with fixed EE2 concentration, whereas, for the isotherm tests, the concentrations were varied, and the fixed contact time was maintained. The final concentrations of EE2 were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data treatments were carried out using mathematical modeling tests present in the literature. The soil presented a medium texture, being predominantly sandy, and the chemical parameters were classified as high and medium. Only the pH parameter was classified as low. The ZPC was 5.57, indicating an adsorption favorable to the EE2 that presented an average pH of 5.73. The adsorption kinetics showed that the equilibrium time for EE2 in contact with the soil is 12 h. The adsorption isotherm presented values related as favorable and adjustable to the Sips isotherm model and estimated the maximum adsorption capacity of 154.2 mgEE₂ Kgₛₒᵢₗ⁻¹, showing affinity with EE2.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Epoxiconazole exposure affects terpenoid profiles of oilseed rape plantlets based on a targeted metabolomic approach 全文
2019
Durenne, Bastien | Blondel, Alodie | Druart, Philippe | Fauconnier, Marie-Laure
Epoxiconazole exposure affects terpenoid profiles of oilseed rape plantlets based on a targeted metabolomic approach 全文
2019
Durenne, Bastien | Blondel, Alodie | Druart, Philippe | Fauconnier, Marie-Laure
Epoxiconazole is a broad-spectrum fungicide described as highly persistent in soil and as such can be considered as an abiotic agent like other problematic agrochemicals. Furthermore, the plant phenotyping tool involving non-invasive monitoring of plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be useful in the identification of metabolic markers for abiotic stress. We therefore decided to profile the VOCs from secondary metabolism of oilseed rape through a dose-response experiment under several epoxiconazole concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg L⁻¹). VOC collections of 35-day-old whole plantlets were performed through a dynamic headspace sampling technique under defined and controlled conditions. The plantlets grew freely within a home-made, laboratory and high-throughput glass chamber without any disturbance. Putative metabolic markers were analysed using a targeted metabolomic approach based on TD-GC-MS method coupled with data acquisition in SIM mode in order to focus on terpenes and sulphur-containing volatiles. Chromatograms of emitted terpenes were achieved accurately for the 35-day-old oilseed rape plantlets. We also analysed the presence of sulphur-containing volatiles in samples of shoot and root tissues using an innovative DHS-TD-GC-MS method, but no difference was found between qualitative profiles. Nevertheless, we demonstrated through this experiment that sesquiterpenes such as β-elemene and (E,E)-α-farnesene are involved in epoxiconazole dose-response. In particular, (E,E)-α-farnesene could serve as a metabolic marker of fungicide exposure for oilseed rape plantlets.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Epoxiconazole exposure affects terpenoid profiles of oilseed rape plantlets based on a targeted metabolomic approach 全文
2019
Durenne, Bastien | Blondel, Alodie | Druart, Philippe | Fauconnier, Marie-Laure | Centre wallon de recherches agronomiques
peer reviewed | Epoxiconazole is a broad-spectrum fungicide described as highly persistent in soil and as such can be considered as an abiotic agent like other problematic agrochemicals. Furthermore, the plant phenotyping tool involving non-invasive monitoring of plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be useful in the identification of metabolic markers for abiotic stress. We therefore decided to profile the VOCs from secondary metabolism of oilseed rape through a dose-response experiment under several epoxiconazole concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg L−1). VOC collections of 35-day-old whole plantlets were performed through a dynamic headspace sampling technique under defined and controlled conditions. The plantlets grew freely within a home-made, laboratory and high-throughput glass chamber without any disturbance. Putative metabolic markers were analysed using a targeted metabolomic approach based on TD-GC-MS method coupled with data acquisition in SIM mode in order to focus on terpenes and sulphur-containing volatiles. Chromatograms of emitted terpenes were achieved accurately for the 35-day-old oilseed rape plantlets. We also analysed the presence of sulphur-containing volatiles in samples of shoot and root tissues using an innovative DHS-TD-GC-MS method, but no difference was found between qualitative profiles. Nevertheless, we demonstrated through this experiment that sesquiterpenes such as β-elemene and (E,E)-α-farnesene are involved in epoxiconazole dose-response. In particular, (E,E)-α-farnesene could serve as a metabolic marker of fungicide exposure for oilseed rape plantlets.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Profiling of main metabolites in root exudates and mucilage collected from maize submitted to cadmium stress 全文
2019
Lapie, Clémentine | Leglize, Pierre | Paris, Cédric | Buisson, Tatiana | Sterckeman, Thibault
Profiling of main metabolites in root exudates and mucilage collected from maize submitted to cadmium stress 全文
2019
Lapie, Clémentine | Leglize, Pierre | Paris, Cédric | Buisson, Tatiana | Sterckeman, Thibault
The aim of this study was to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the composition of the main rhizodeposits emitted from maize (Zea mays) under Cd stress, in order to discuss their role in Cd availability and tolerance. Maize was grown for 6 weeks in sand at four Cd exposure levels (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM Cd in nutrient solution) and two types of rhizodeposits were collected at the end of cultivation period. Mucilage and other molecules adhering to rhizospheric sand were extracted with a buffer before root exudates were collected by diffusion into water. Total carbon, proteins, amino acids, and sugars were analyzed for both rhizodeposit types and about 40 molecules were identified using GC-MS and LC-MS. Cadmium effect on plant morphology and functioning was slight, but consistent with previous works on Cd toxicity. However, rhizodeposition did tend to be impacted, with a decrease in total carbon, sugars, and amino acids correlating with an increasing Cd content. Such a decrease was not noticeable for proteins in root exudates. These observations were confirmed by the same trends in individual compound contents, although the results were generally not statistically significant. Many of the molecules determined are well-known to modify, whether directly or indirectly, Cd speciation and dynamics in the soil and could play a role in Cd tolerance.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Profiling of main metabolites in root exudates and mucilage collected from maize submitted to cadmium stress 全文
2019
Lapie, Clémentine | Leglize, Pierre | Paris, Cédric | Sterckeman, Thibault | Buisson, Tatiana | Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL) | Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) ; Université de Lorraine (UL) | Plateau d’Analyse Structurale et Métabolomique (PASM) ; Université de Lorraine (UL)
The aim of this study was to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the composition of the main rhizodeposits emitted from maize (Zea mays) under Cd stress, in order to discuss their role in Cd availability and tolerance. Maize was grown for 6weeks in sand at four Cd exposure levels (0, 10, 20, and 40M Cd in nutrient solution) and two types of rhizodeposits were collected at the end of cultivation period. Mucilage and other molecules adhering to rhizospheric sand were extracted with a buffer before root exudates were collected by diffusion into water. Total carbon, proteins, amino acids, and sugars were analyzed for both rhizodeposit types and about 40 molecules were identified using GC-MS and LC-MS. Cadmium effect on plant morphology and functioning was slight, but consistent with previous works on Cd toxicity. However, rhizodeposition did tend to be impacted, with a decrease in total carbon, sugars, and amino acids correlating with an increasing Cd content. Such a decrease was not noticeable for proteins in root exudates. These observations were confirmed by the same trends in individual compound contents, although the results were generally not statistically significant. Many of the molecules determined are well-known to modify, whether directly or indirectly, Cd speciation and dynamics in the soil and could play a role in Cd tolerance.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Threats Underestimated in Freshwater Plastic Pollution: Mini-Review 全文
2019
Blettler, Martín C. M. | Wantzen, Karl M.
Threats Underestimated in Freshwater Plastic Pollution: Mini-Review 全文
2019
Blettler, Martín C. M. | Wantzen, Karl M.
Plastic pollution is one of the most acute environmental topics of our time. While there is a great scientific effort to tackle this problem, it has not always been well-coordinated or properly targeted. In this short review, we call for scientists to get involved in three crucial topics (threats) underestimated—or ignored—in freshwater systems: (i) plastic-species entanglement, (ii) plastic as nesting material, and (iii) macroplastic debris coming from mismanaged household solid waste. Reducing the knowledge gaps between marine and freshwater environments will be crucial to solute the plastic pollution problem effectively and globally. Therefore, we make a plea here to reinforce research activities on these three issues in freshwater environments worldwide.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Threats Underestimated in Freshwater Plastic Pollution: Mini-Review 全文
2019
Blettler, Martín | Wantzen, Karl, M | Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés [Tours] (CITERES - UMR 7324) ; Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies (LE STUDIUM) ; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | This research was partly supported by LE STUDIUM - Institute for Advanced Studies, Loire Valley, Orléans, France
This is the post-print version of the following article: "Threats Underestimated in Freshwater Plastic Pollution: Mini-Review", which has been published in final form at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-019-4220-z | International audience | Plastic pollution is one of the most acute environmental topics of our time. While there is a great scientific effort to tackle this problem, it has not always been well-coordinated or properly targeted. In this short review we call for scientists to get involved in three crucial topics (threats) underestimated-or ignored-in freshwater systems: i) plastic-species entanglement, ii) plastic as nesting material and iii) macroplastic debris coming from mismanaged household solid waste. Reducing the knowledge gaps between marine and freshwater environments will be crucial to solute the plastic pollution problem effectively and globally. Therefore, we make a plea here to reinforce research activities on these three issues in freshwater environments worldwide.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by enrofloxacin-based antibiotic formulation Floxagen® in two experimental models of bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes and cumulus cells 全文
2019
Anchordoquy, Juan Patricio | Anchordoquy, Juan Mateo | Nikoloff, Noelia | Gambaro, Rocío | Padula, Gisel | Furnus, Cecilia | Seoane, Analía
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by enrofloxacin-based antibiotic formulation Floxagen® in two experimental models of bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes and cumulus cells 全文
2019
Anchordoquy, Juan Patricio | Anchordoquy, Juan Mateo | Nikoloff, Noelia | Gambaro, Rocío | Padula, Gisel | Furnus, Cecilia | Seoane, Analía
The in vitro effect of enrofloxacin (EFZ) was tested on two experimental somatic bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes (PLs) and cumulus cells (CCs). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this veterinary antibiotic were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assay. Cells were treated during 24 h, and three concentrations were tested (50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL). When EFZ was tested in PLs, the results demonstrated that the antibiotic was able to induce cell death and DNA damage with all concentrations. In addition, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL EFZ increased frequencies of micronuclei (MNi). On the other hand, the highest EFZ concentration occasioned cellular cytotoxicity in CCs as evidenced by mitochondrial activity alterations. Nevertheless, EFZ was not able to induce DNA damage and MNi in CCs. These results represent the first experimental evidence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by EFZ in bovine PLs and CCs.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by enrofloxacin-based antibiotic formulation Floxagen® in two experimental models of bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes and cumulus cells 全文
2019
Anchordoquy, Juan Patricio | Anchordoquy, Juan Mateo | Nikoloff, Noelia | Gambaro, Rocío Celeste | Padula, Gisel | Furnus, Cecilia Cristina | Seoane, Analia Isabel
The in vitro effect of enrofloxacin (EFZ) was tested on two experimental somatic bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes (PLs) and cumulus cells (CCs). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this veterinary antibiotic were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assay. Cells were treated during 24 h, and three concentrations were tested (50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL). When EFZ was tested in PLs, the results demonstrated that the antibiotic was able to induce cell death and DNA damage with all concentrations. In addition, 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL EFZ increased frequencies of micronuclei (MNi). On the other hand, the highest EFZ concentration occasioned cellular cytotoxicity in CCs as evidenced by mitochondrial activity alterations. Nevertheless, EFZ was not able to induce DNA damage and MNi in CCs. These results represent the first experimental evidence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by EFZ in bovine PLs and CCs. | Fil: Anchordoquy, Juan Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina | Fil: Anchordoquy, Juan Mateo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina | Fil: Nikoloff, Noelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina | Fil: Gambaro, Rocío Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina | Fil: Padula, Gisel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina | Fil: Furnus, Cecilia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Cátedra de Citología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal; Argentina | Fil: Seoane, Analia Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Adsorption Characteristic of Cr(VI) onto Different Activated Coal Fly Ashes: Kinetics, Thermodynamic, Application Feasibility, and Error Analysis 全文
2019
Wang, Nannan | Han, Yanhe | Li, Shuo
Raw coal fly ash (RCFA) was recycled as three kinds of adsorbents by hydroxyl anion (OH⁻), hydrogen ion (H⁺), and thermal activation, respectively, for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from water. The H⁺ activation can explore the adsorptive potential of RCFA more effectively than the other two methods. The specific surface areas of the adsorbents are 12.33, 16.32, and 13.89 m² g⁻¹ for OH⁻, H⁺, and thermal activation, respectively. The adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model better and exhibits exothermic property. The activation energy (20.65–31.88 kJ mol⁻¹) and the negative Gibbs free energy reveal that the adsorption is a physical and spontaneous process. The adsorbents derived from OH⁻, H⁺, and thermal activation can be used at least 5, 7, and 4 times, respectively, while the one from H⁺ activation has the best adsorption capacity (6.41 μg g⁻¹ for the first run). The adsorption process can introduce other metallic/toxic elements, but within the Chinese standard. The preparation cost of the H⁺ activation is $1103 ton⁻¹ adsorbent, while the treatment cost is $1.6 ton⁻¹ water. The more accurate parameters in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model can be calculated by nonlinear method and provided by the error function of the sum of the squares of the errors.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Electrochemical modification of activated carbon fiber as 3-D particle electrodes: characterization and enhancement for the degradation of m-cresol 全文
2019
Liu, Weijun | Hu, Xiang | Sun, Zhirong | Duan, Pingzhou
Commercial activated carbon fiber (ACF) has been employed as particle electrodes to degrade aqueous m-cresol in 3-D electrode systems. To enhance the electrooxidation performance, three types of new ACF modification modes (anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and aqueous oxidation with concentrated HNO₃) were introduced in this paper. These pretreated samples were characterized by N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), temperature-programmed desorption mass (TPD-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was revealed that the two new modification methods could efficiently modify the surface morphology as well as the chemical property. Eight types of surface oxygen groups (SOGs) were identified on the surface of ACF, and the types and amount of SOGs might be related to the oxidation effect of ACF on the 3-D electrodes. The effect and mechanism of these SOGs on electrooxidation performance were discussed with the aid of the frontier molecular orbital theory. It was demonstrated that the H₂O₂–·OH reaction mechanism was improved in the 3-D electrode system and the mechanism was elucidated.
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