The aim of this study was to compare the components of children's physical fitness in relation to the role of air pollution in Tehran, Iran. The research method was a causal-comparative study. To achieve the research goals, 80 students of elementary school in fourth grade (10.3 ± 0.1) in Tehran, Iran were selected through available sampling. In the research phase, the researcher referred to Tehran Quality Control System, and based on the average of pollutant indicators in the past month, two Districts of Tehran, Iran were selected; District  1 (Aghdasiyeh) as the least infectious and District 20 (Rey) as contaminated. Then, the arrangement was performed to carry out physical fitness tests. The data was collected in two days. On the first day, participants performed physical fitness tests at Negin Shahr Rey Club and on the second day at the Royal Club in Aghdasiyeh district. Data was analyzed by independent t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between speed and agility components in two Districts 1 and 20, while there were no significant differences between power and flexibility components. Comparison of means indicated that children in area 1 had better performance than District 20. According to the results, it is suggested that the high amount of air pollution prevent children from engaging in physical activity and consider physical education teachers to take on activities that require less energy requirements.

In the current world, various types of pollution are the result of the adverse effects of human activities. One of these types of contaminations is air pollution, originated from dust. Over the years, governments and international organizations both governmental and non-governmental have made great efforts to manage and reduce the destructive effects of sand and dust storms. However, the fact is that there is a serious gap in relation to the legal documents related to management and the reduction of destructive effects of sand and dust storms. In other words, countries that are somehow involved with this phenomenon have not implemented effective measures for the compilation and approval of binding documents for the reduction of sand and dust storms. This failure is rooted in many issues, including political, economic, social, and cultural concerns. It is also worth mentioning that among the few documents on managing and reducing the destructive effects of dust, many of them at the regional level are between just two or more countries directly affected by this phenomenon. The present article, applying an analytical-descriptive method, seeks to examine the Iranian national laws and regulations as well as international legal documents on sand and dust storms; it also outlines the existing legal vacuum and provides related practical solutions. Studies show that so far, a law that directly and specifically deals with the issue of sand and dust storms has not been approved and the international community has not succeeded in drafting and ratifying a specific document in this regard.

Physical urban growth has the most significant impact on the vegetation of surrounding areas; the assessment and analysis of these changes are essential in geography and use different mechanisms. Here, remote sensing is the main technology for assessing expansion and the rate of change of land cover. Accordingly, the present study has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the physical growth of the city of Yazd in the years 1986â2016 and its impact on the trend of urban green space changes through the use of satellite images. This is an exploratory-descriptive research and it is cognitive in terms of the objective. To achieve this objective, the data from remote sensing and geographic information systems are used. The calculation of the trend of physical growth changes indicates that the city area was 3,118.25 hectares in 1986 and it increased to 15,232.47 hectares during a 30-year period; 52 percent of the urban growth was related to the horizontal and sprawl growth of the city. Assessment of the NDVI index showed that the density of vegetation had a tangible decreasing trend so that the sum of good and excellent vegetation was equal to 2,419 hectares in 1986; in 2016, the vegetation decreased to only 1,601 hectares. The maximum decrease in vegetation exactly corresponds with the maximum physical urban growth in the northwestern and the southeastern parts of the city such that the results of the research showed about 818 hectares of vegetation and gardens became constructed lands between 1986 and 2016

Nowadays risk management is intended to be a solution in project management to deal with the risks and events that may occur in an industrial project. The risk management is a process that is able to identify, analyze risks and determine strategies to reduce the effects of that. Also, most managers are challenged, especially when they are supposed to choose between multiple solutions to a problem. In this project we have tried to use the FMEA and AHP techniques to evaluate the environmental risk posed by Ahvaz oil field development as well. List of aspects and environmental impacts of completed construction and operation phases and the scoring were based on the criteria mentioned methods. The level of risks were at three levels: low, medium and high, respectively. For the construction phase from all 35 rated risks 5 were high-level, 19 were medium-level, and 11 showed a low level of risk. Operation phase from all 29 risks 4 were high-level risk, 15 were medium risk and 10 were low-level. In the end, strategies for reducing environmental pollutants in construction, operation and management phase and in the framework of manpower, vehicles, materials and operations are provided.

Freshwater is a limited resource experiencing accelerated contamination in several nations due to various reasons, including both natural and human-induced influences such as climate, topography, mining, industry, and agriculture. South Africa is characterized by water scarcity, a condition exacerbated by its status as a developing nation. Consequently, the country has the dual task of safeguarding water quality while simultaneously striving to enhance water supply and sanitation infrastructure. This study aims to assess the impact of agricultural activities on the water quality of the Crocodile River by using physiochemical tests and a water quality index tool.  The grab sampling methodology was utilized on-site to collect water quality parameters which were analysed at a SANAS (South African National Accreditation System) laboratory. Statistical analysis was performed using the Seaborn software due to the extensive dataset contained in the present study. Highest concentrations of NO2+NO3 were recorded in the Autumn season between 2020 and 2022 with levels ranging between 1,2 to 0.7 mg/l. While spring and summer of 2018 and 2019 recorded the lowest concentration of NO2+NO3 at <0.4 mg/L, the low concentrations could be due to the dilution of the summer rainfalls as compared to the high concentrations that were recorded in the drier season of the year leading into winter. This could also explain significant concentration of PO4 (0.35 mg/L) that were recorded during the winter of 2016. The findings indicate that throughout the autumn of 2017 and spring of 2019, the reported ammonia nitrate concentration exceeded 0.225mg/L. The WQI results revealed that the water quality at Malelane is regular at a value of 62.18, which suggests that the quality of the water is average to below standard.

To mitigate land degradation and desertification as an environmntal issue, it is crucial to monitor land degradation intensities, identify influential factors, and implement necessary measures. This study utilized remote sensing data and logistic regression modeling to assess desertification in Larestan County. Multiple indicators were considered in this study, encompassing climate factors (such as rainfall, evapotranspiration, and aridity index), groundwater indicators (including electrical conductivity, chloride content, sodium absorption ratio, and groundwater level decline), soil indicators (such as EC, texture, and organic matter content), land use and land cover (LULC) type, and wind erosion. The logistic regression model was employed to identify the most influential factors contributing to desertification. The findings revealed different risk classes: a small low-risk class in the eastern and southern regions covering 2.4% of the total area, a moderate-risk class in the foothill-plain areas covering 38.3% of the total area. The high-risk class of desertification is mainly concentrated in the central part of the study area, adjacent to regions with moderate risk. It is characterized by relatively large patches, particularly in the southwest of the interior plains, covering approximately 1,980 hectares, which accounts for 7.9% of the total area. The concentration of high-risk desertification in specific areas highlights the urgent need for proactive measures to preserve the environmental balance and sustainability of the study area.

In this research, using research-descriptive methods and using data from the years 2012-2022 of meteorology and air pollution in Tabriz city, the correlation of meteorological factors and their effect on the level of air pollution in Tabriz city was investigated and zoning maps were presented. Based on the results of the research, high amounts of CO, NO2, SO2 and O3 pollutants are mostly accumulated in areas 6, 7 and 8 of Tabriz municipality, and these pollutants have different amounts in different seasons and changing the impact of meteorological factors. Investigating the role of climatic elements in the increase of air pollutants in Tabriz city shows the existence of an inverse relationship between pollutants and the increase in altitude and rainfall. The role of wind in the spring and summer seasons leads to an increase in pollutants compared to the wind direction and is almost ineffective in the winter season. As the temperature increases, the amount of carbon monoxide pollutant increases and the amount of sulfur dioxide gas decreases. In general, the examination of the temperature factor shows that the amount of air pollution increases at lower temperatures.

This paper, aims to evaluate the impacts of potential climate change on the stream flow of a semi-arid catchment (called Merek) in western Iran using Distributed Catchment Scale Model (DiCaSM) and IHACRES lumped model and compare their ability in simulation of the future stream flow in this area. The joint probability plot was used to generate seasonal climatic change factors (% change in rainfall and change in temperature °C) to apply as an input to the DiCaSM model. A suite of 15 Atmosphere-Ocean Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) with monthly rainfall and temperature data for the baseline period were evaluated. By analyzing the models, finally, the three best models, including GFDL-CM3, CNRM-CM5 and NorESM1-M models, which reproduce the climatic behavior of monthly temperature and precipitation values, were selected. To study the impact of future climatic change on water supply, this study applied the RCP Scenarios. It proved an acceptable performance in reproducing of the historical observations three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) scenarios for the future period 2040-2069. Results indicated that both hydrological models were able to simulate the observed stream flow successfully in the study catchment. The projections of three AOGCMs showed that the future temperature would be increased in the area, while there was no agreement between the models in simulation of future rainfall. Changes in stream flow simulated by DiCaSM model were ranged from -5.2% to 6.2% for the period 2040-2069, while for IHACRES model, the changes ranged from -37.7% to 10.1%. Overally the model performed extremely well for both the calibration and validation years. It is recommended to use these hydrological models for a general evaluation of climate change impact in water resources studies.

This study aimed to explore the possibility of removing cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, from soil using Dandelion greens. To accomplish this, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with six treatments including a control, and varying concentrations of cadmium in the soil. After the plants were harvested, the concentration of cadmium was measured in the plant roots, the above-ground parts, and soil samples. The results indicated that Dandelion greens have a remarkable ability to absorb cadmium from contaminated soils. The higher the concentration of cadmium in the soil, the greater the amount of cadmium absorbed by the plant roots and the above-ground parts. Specifically, the concentration of cadmium in the above-ground parts increased by 20.4 times and in the roots by 38 times with an increase in cadmium concentration. The average amount of cadmium absorbed in the root and shoot was 69.17 and 59.14 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the study found that the time required for plant purification increased with the increase of cadmium concentration, and the minimum time required for purification was found to be 5 mg/kg concentration. Dandelion greens have a relatively short growth period and high yield, making them a viable option for treating cadmium-contaminated soils. Therefore, Dandelion greens can be utilized as an ornamental plant for phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soils. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Dandelion greens as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for heavy metal pollution in soil.

The purpose of the current work was to develop strategies suitable for the construction waste management for construction waste processing, recycling or landfilling plants in Tehran metropolis, Iran. This integrated methods study was of an applied type with an exploratory approach, which used a FANP-DEMATEL combined model as one of the most appropriate strategic planning methodologies. Thus, the environment of Tehran waste management organization (TWMO) was evaluated by preparing a SWOT matrix consisting of 10 strengths (S), 12 weaknesses (W), 9 opportunities (O), and 7 threats (T). According to the results, the TWMO was positioned in the WT box (IFE: 2.45 and EFE: 2.33), indicating the necessity of adopting a defensive strategy as the best priority. On the other hand, the FANP-DEMATEL technique also confirmed the accuracy of WT strategies with a score of 12.627. Results shown that the best determined WT strategy was “Preventing mixing or separating waste at the source for easier recycling at the plant site" (Weighting factor: 0.9). These findings showed the importance of the proposed strategy for the growth and success of construction and demolition waste management in Tehran.