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Response of a grassland ecosystem to air pollutants : 6. The chemical climate: concentrations and potential flux densities of relevant criteria pollutants 全文
1998
Grünhage, Ludger | Dämmgen, Ulrich | Haenel, Hans-Dieter | Jäger, Hans-Jürgen
Response of a grassland ecosystem to air pollutants : 5. A toxicological model for the assessment of dose-response relationships for air pollutants and ecosystems 全文
1998
Dämmgen, Ulrich | Grünhage, Ludger
Water pollution from agriculture in the context of land use planning
1998
Nishizawa, Eiichirō
Guidelines for evaluating air pollution impacts on wilderness within the Rocky Mountain region 全文
1998
Haddow, Dennis | Blett, Tamara | Fisher, Richard | Musselman, Robert C.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems, February 5-9, 1996, Riverside, California 全文
1998
Bytnerowicz, Andrzej | Arbaugh, Michael J. | Schilling, Susan L.
Measures taken pursuant to Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources
1998
Estimating transaction costs of alternative policies to reduce phosphorous pollution in the MInnesota River 全文
1998
McCann, Laura (Laura Mary Joy) | Easter, K. William
Estimating transaction costs of alternative policies to reduce phosphorous pollution in the MInnesota River 全文
1998
McCann, Laura (Laura Mary Joy) | Easter, K. William
ESTIMATING TRANSACTION COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE POLICIES TO REDUCE PHOSPHOROUS POLLUTION IN THE MINNESOTA RIVER 全文
1998
McCann, Laura M.J. | Easter, K. William
As point sources of pollution reduce their emissions due to water quality control efforts, nonpoint sources have become relatively more important. In the case of agricultural nonpoint source pollution, the policy instruments recommended by economists are not observed in practice. This study was designed to measure the magnitude of transaction costs associated with policies to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution and to determine whether transaction costs help explain the prevalence of the policies actually observed. Interviews with staff from governmental agencies were conducted to estimate transaction costs associated with four policies to reduce agricultural phosphorous pollution in the Minnesota River. The tax on phosphate fertilizers had the lowest transaction costs (U.S. $0.94 million), followed by educational programs on best management practices ($3.11 million), the requirement for conservation tillage on all cropped land ($7.85 million), and expansion of a permanent conservation easement program ($9.37 million). Taxes thus may have advantages with respect to transaction costs as well as abatement costs.
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