The Xenopus model offers many advantages for investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms underlying embryo development. Moreover, Xenopus oocytes and embryos have been extensively used to study developmental toxicity and human diseases in response to various environmental chemicals. This review first summarizes recent advances in using Xenopus as a vertebrate model to study distinct types of tissue/organ development following exposure to environmental toxicants, chemical reagents, and pharmaceutical drugs. Then, the successful use of Xenopus as a model for diseases, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, autism, epilepsy, and cardiovascular disease, is reviewed. The potential application of Xenopus in genetic and chemical screening to protect against embryo deficits induced by chemical toxicants and related diseases is also discussed.

Sulfur, an essential macronutrient, plays important roles in plant development and stress mitigation. Sulfur deficiency, a common problem in agricultural soils, may disturb plant stress resistance and xenobiotic detoxification. In the present study, the function and mechanism of limited sulfur nutrition on the residues and phtotoxicity of imidacloprid were investigated in lettuce plants. Sulfur deficiency significantly increased imidacloprid accumulation in lettuce tissues, exacerbated imidacloprid biological toxicity by enhancing the accumulation of toxic metabolites, like imidacloprid-olefin. Simultaneously, imidacloprid-induced detoxification enzymes including cytochromes P450, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glycosyltransferases were inhibited under limited sulfur supply. On the other hand, sulfur deficiency further enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species and exacerbated lipid peroxidation in lettuce tissues. Sulfur deficiency mainly reduced the abundance of thiol groups, which are essential redox modulators as well as xenobiotic conjugators, and significantly inhibited GSTs expression. These results clearly suggested that sulfur deficiency inhibited the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds, leading to increased accumulation of pesticide residues and toxic metabolites as well as reduced detoxification capacity, consequently leading to oxidative damage to plants. Therefore, moderate sulfur supply in regions where neonicotinoid insecticides are intensively and indiscriminately used may be an efficient strategy to reduce pesticide residues and the potential risk to ecosystem.

Soil erosion contributes greatly to nonpoint source pollution (NSP). We built a coastal NSP risk calculation method (CNSPRI) based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and geospatial methods. In studies on the formation and transport of coastal NSP, we analysed the pollution impacts on the sea by dividing subbasins into the sea and monitoring the pollutant flux. In this paper, a case study in the Yellow River Delta showed that the CNSPRI could better predict the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) NSP risks. The value of the soil erodibility factor (K) was 0.0377 t h·MJ⁻¹·mm⁻¹, indicating higher soil erodibility levels, and presented an increased trend from the west to the east coast. The NSP risk also showed an increased trend from west to east, and the worst status was found near the Guangli River of the south-eastern region. The contributions of the seven influencing factors to CNSPRI presented an order of vegetation cover > rainfall erosivity > soil content > soil erodibility > flow > flow path > slope. The different roles of source and sink landscapes influenced the pollutant outputs on a subbasin scale. Arable land and saline-alkali land were the two land-use types with the greatest NSP risks. Therefore, in coastal zones, to reduce NSP output risks, we should pay more attention to the spatial distribution of vegetation cover, increase its interception effect on soil loss, and prioritize the improvement of saline-alkali land to reduce the amount of bare land.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) with thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment (THP) is an effective sludge treatment method which provides several advantages such as enhanced biogas formation and fertilizer production. The main limitation to THP-AD is that hazardous odors, including NH₃ and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), are emitted during the sludge treatment process. In order to develop strategies to eliminate odors, it is necessary to identify the key odors and emissions sites. This study identified production of NH₃ (741.60 g·dry sludge t⁻¹) and VSCs (277.27 g·dry sludge t⁻¹) during sludge AD after THP, and measured emissions in each of the THP-AD sludge treatment sites. Odor intensity, odor active values, permissible concentration-time weighted average, and non-carcinogenic risks were also assessed in order to determine the sensory impact, odor contribution, and health impacts of NH₃ and VSCs. The results revealed that odor pollution existed in all of the test sites, particularly in the sludge pump room and pre-dehydration workshop. NH₃, H₂S, and methyl mercaptan caused very strong odors, and levels of NH₃ and H₂S were enough to impact the health of on-site employees.

Organic-matter decomposition has long been proposed as a tool to assess stream functional integrity, but this indicator largely depends on organic-matter selection. We assessed eight decomposition-based indicators along two well-known environmental gradients, a nutrient-enrichment gradient (0.2–1.4 mg DIN/L) in central Portugal and an acidification gradient (pH: 4.69–7.33) in north-eastern France to identify the most effective organic-matter indicator for assessing stream functional integrity. Functional indicators included natural leaf litter (alder and oak) in 10-mm and 0.5-mm mesh bags, commercial tea (Lipton green and rooibos teas in 0.25-mm mesh bags), wood sticks (wood tongue depressors) and cotton strips. Biotic indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates (IPtIN for Portugal and IBGN for France) were calculated to compare the effectiveness of structural and functional indicators in detecting stream impairment and to assess the relationship between both types of indicators. The effectiveness of organic-matter decomposition rates as a functional indicator depended on the stressor considered and the substrate used. Decomposition rates generally identified nutrient enrichment and acidification in the most acidic streams. Decomposition rates of alder and oak leaves in coarse-mesh bags, green and rooibos teas and wood sticks were positively related with pH. Only decomposition rates of rooibos tea and wood sticks were related with DIN concentration; decomposition rates along the nutrient-enrichment gradient were confounded by differences in shredder abundance and temperature among streams. Stream structural integrity was good to excellent across streams; the IPtIN index was unrelated to DIN concentration, while the IBGN index was positively related with pH. The relationships between decomposition rates and biotic indices were loose in most cases, and only decomposition rates of alder leaves in coarse-mesh bags and green tea were positively related with the IBGN. Commercial substrates may be a good alternative to leaf litter to assess stream functional integrity, especially in the case of nutrient enrichment.

Water quality is essential for lake systems, which are not only influenced by climate change and human activities but are also controlled by high-frequency hydrological rhythms. However, the differences in water quality during different hydrological periods have not been addressed in detail. Here, a 15-year water quality dataset (2004–2018) was selected to explore the variation trends and their relationship with water level in different hydrological periods in Dongting Lake, a typical river-connected lake in China. The hydrological periods were classified into hydrological years and hydrological phases based on the characteristics of water level fluctuations. The results showed that annual variation in the water level in Dongting Lake fluctuated between 23.63 and 25.81 m from 2004 to 2018, and also displayed considerable water level differences ranging from 7.66 m (dry years) to 9.97 m (wet years) within a year. The water level of the lake phase showed significant differences among the different hydrological years. The concentration of TP, CODMₙ, and NH₃-N showed significant decreasing trends, whereas that of TN showed a significant increasing trend from 2004 to 2018. The TN concentration in wet years was significantly higher than that in dry years, which could be attributed to sewage discharge and hydrological conditions. The contributions of the lake phase to the total sewage discharge successively decreased from 64.54% in wet years to 59.47% in dry years, while the river phase showed the opposite trends, ranging from 35.46% to 40.53%, reflecting the strong relationship between water regimes and pollutant fluxes. A regression analysis indicated the different responses of water quality to water level fluctuations over hydrological years, and water quality in different hydrological phases clearly separated the lake and river phases, highlighting the influence of water level fluctuations on water quality within a year. To maintain the water quality of Dongting Lake, the control of external load should not be relaxed, and hydrological regulation should be actively carried out within each year.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is widely used in agriculture, and is toxic to non-target aquatic species. Quercetin (Que) is a flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables that exhibits anti-oxidant activity. In the present study, we treated grass carp hepatocytes (L8824) with 0.1 μM Que and/or 1 mM IMI for 24 h to explore the effect of Que on IMI-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. We found that IMI exposure enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inhibiting the activities of SOD, CAT and T-AOC, exacerbating the accumulation of MDA, aggravating the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Cyt-C, BAX, Caspase9 and Caspase3) related genes and decreased the expression of anti-apoptosis gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). In addition, Que and IMI co-treatment significantly restored the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, downregulated ROS level and apoptosis rate, thereby alleviating the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the expression of cytochrome c (Cyt-C), Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases (Caspase9 and 3), increasing the Bcl-2 level. Furthermore, we elucidated that Que could inhibit the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), thus activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway to attenuate IMI-induced apoptosis. Molecular docking provides assertive evidence for the interaction between Que ligand and PTEN receptor. Consequently, these results indicate that Que effectively antagonizes IMI-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in grass carp hepatocytes via regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.

With the exploitation of lead-zinc deposits, lead content around mining areas has seriously exceeded the recommended level. The most challenging problem is how to reduce lead contamination in soil efficiently. In this study, we developed a method to remediate lead-contaminated soil by adding Morchella mycelium. First, we compared the repair effects of mycelium and hyperaccumulator by conducting pot experiments. Then, we investigated the mechanism through which mycelium repairs lead-contaminated soil by conducting simulation experiments. Results showed that using mycelium was a more efficient way to repair soil than using hyperaccumulator. Compared with the untreated group, mycelium reduced the lead content of crops by 34.83 % and raised dry biomass by 134.05 % when lead addition was 800 mg/kg. After mycelium fixation, soil catalase, urease, cellulase, and sucrase activities were significantly enhanced, and the bioavailability of lead decreased significantly. The lead solution exposure simulation test showed that Morchella mycelium immobilized lead due to its extracellular secretions. That is, mycelium secreted metabolites and lead to form salt crystals, reducing bioavailable lead content. In addition, Morchella mycelium restoration may effectively improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. Thus, mycelium may be used successfully in alternative green repair methods for environmental heavy metal remediation.

Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (Cl-PFESAs), are ubiquitous alternatives to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a widely used poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). Despite in vivo and in vitro evidence of metabolic toxicity, no study has explored associations of Cl-PFESAs concentrations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a human population. To help address this data gap, we quantified 32 PFAS, including 2 PFOS alternative Cl-PFESAs (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESAs) in serum from 1228 adults participating in the cross-sectional Isomers of C8 Health Project in China study. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MetS and its various components were estimated using individual PFAS as a continuous or categorical predictor in multivariate regression models. The association between the overall mixture of PFAS and MetS was examined using probit Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR-P). Greater serum PFAS concentrations were associated with higher odds of MetS and demonstrated a statistically significant dose-response trend (P for trend < 0.001). For example, each ln-unit (ng/mL) increase in serum 6:2 Cl-PFESA was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.85). MetS was also 2.26 (95% CI: 1.59, 3.23) times more common in the highest quartile of serum 6:2 Cl-PFESA concentration than the lowest, and particularly high among women (OR = 6.41, 95% CI: 3.65, 11.24). The BKMR-P analysis showed a positive association between the overall mixture of measured PFAS and the odds of MetS, but was only limited to women. While our results suggest that exposure to Cl-PFESAs was associated with MetS, additional longitudinal studies are needed to more definitively address the potential health concerns of these PFOS alternatives.

With the growing production and use of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the risk of their releases to the environment has drawn much attention. However, their potential effect on soil invertebrates has not yet been systematically assessed. Herein, the toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were thoroughly investigated. Exposure to different doses of GO (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 g kg⁻¹) was conducted for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that enzymatic activity was stimulated at the early stages of exposure (7 days and 14 days) and inhibited after 14 days for catalase (CAT) and after 21 days for peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), especially at high GO doses. The content of MDA showed an increasing trend over the whole exposure period and was significantly elevated by GO from 21 days except at the dose of 5 g kg⁻¹on day 21. Lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage presented dose- and time-dependent relationships. Graphene oxide remarkably decreased lysosomal membrane stability except at the dose of 5 g kg⁻¹ on day 7. The tail DNA%, tail length and olive tail moment increased with increasing GO dose throughout the exposure duration, reaching maximum values at the end of exposure (28 days). These findings suggest that GO induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Eisenia fetida, resulting in lipid peroxidation, decreased lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage. Therefore, attention should be paid to the potential pollution and risk associated with graphene oxide application. The results can provide valuable information for environmental safety assessment of graphene nanomaterials in soil.