Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with lower pulmonary function and higher blood pressure (BP). However, controversy remains regarding the relationship between ambient multiple daily ozone (O3) metrics and cardiopulmonary health outcomes, especially in the developing countries.To investigate and compare the short-term effects of various O3 metrics on pulmonary function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and BP in a panel study of COPD patients.We measured pulmonary function, FeNO and BP repeatedly in a total of 43 patients with COPD for 215 home visits. Daily hourly ambient O3 concentrations were obtained from central-monitoring stations close to subject residences. We calculated various O3 metrics [daily 1-h maximum (O3-1 h max), maximum 8-h average (O3-8 h max) and 24-h average (O3-24 h avg)] based on the hourly data. Daily indoor O3 concentrations were estimated based on estimated indoor/outdoor O3 ratios. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate associations of various O3 metrics with cardiopulmonary function variables.An interquartile range (IQR) increase in ambient O3-8 h max (80.5 μg/m³, 5-d) was associated with a 5.9% (95%CI: −11.0%, −0.7%) reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and a 6.2% (95%CI: −10.9%, −1.5%) reduction in peak expiratory flow (PEF). However, there were no significant negative associations between ambient O3-1 h max, O3-24 h avg and FEV1, PEF. An IQR increase in ambient O3-1 h max (85.3 μg/m³, 6-d) was associated with a 6.7 mmHg (95%CI: 0.7, 12.7) increase in systolic BP. The estimated indoor O3 were still significantly associated with reduction of FEV1 and PEF. No significant associations were found between various O3 metrics and FeNO.Our results provide clues for the adverse cardiopulmonary effects associated with various O3 metrics in COPD patients and highlight that O3-8 h max was more closely associated with respiratory health variables.

Mineral phosphorus fertilizers are regularly applied to agricultural sites, but their uranium (U) content is potentially hazardous to humans and the environment. Fertilizer-derived U can accumulate in the soil, but might also leach to ground-, spring and surface waters. We sampled 19 mineral fertilizers from the canton of Bern and soils of three arable and one forest reference sites at each of four locations with elevated U concentrations (7–28 μg L⁻¹) in nearby drinking water wells. The total U concentrations of the fertilizers were measured. The soils were analysed at three depth intervals down to 1 m for general soil parameters, total Cd, P, U and NaHCO₃-extractable U concentrations, and ²³⁴/²³⁸U activity ratios (AR). The U concentrations and AR values of the drinking water samples were also measured. A theoretical assessment showed that fertilizer-derived U may cause high U concentrations in leaching waters (up to approx. 25 μg L⁻¹), but normally contributes only a small amount (approx. 0–3 μg L⁻¹). The arable soils investigated showed no significant U accumulation compared to the forest sites. The close positive correlation of AR with NaHCO₃-extractable U (R = 0.7, p < 0.001) indicates that application of fertilizer can increase the extractable U pool. The lack of depth gradients in the soil U concentrations (1.5–2.7 mg kg⁻¹) and AR (0.90–1.06) ratios are inconsistent with the accumulation of U in the surface soil, and might indicate some leaching of fertilizer-derived U. The AR values in the water samples were close to 1, possibly suggesting an influence of fertilizer-derived U. However, based on findings from the literature and considering the heterogeneity of the catchment area, the agricultural practices, and the comparatively long distance to the groundwater, we conclude that fertilizer-derived U makes only a minor contribution to the elevated U concentrations in the water samples.

In this study, we measured the concentrations of 58 flame retardants (and related compounds) in bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) egg and plasma samples from the Michigan. These analytes include polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel flame retardants (nFRs), Dechlorane-related compounds (Decs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). A total of 24 paired eaglet plasma and egg samples were collected from inland (IN, N = 13) and the Great Lakes (GL, N = 11) breeding areas from 2000 to 2012. PBDEs were the most abundant chemical group with a geometric mean of 181 ng/g wet weight (ww) in egg and 5.31 ng/g ww in plasma. Decs were barely found in plasma samples, but they were frequently found in eggs (geometric mean 23.5 ng/g ww). OPE levels were comparable to those of PBDEs in the plasma but lower than those of PBDEs in eggs. Dec and PBDE concentrations were significantly higher in GL than in IN (p < 0.05). The ratio of egg to plasma concentrations (lipid normalized) varied with chemicals and correlated with the chemical's octanol-water partition coefficient. The lipid normalized bald eagle egg and plasma concentrations from Lake Superior and Huron were one to three orders of magnitude higher than concentrations measured in composite lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the same lake, implying that they biomagnify in the environment.

Air pollution contributes significantly to premature death in China. However, only a limited number of studies have identified the potential determinants of population exposure to PM2.5 from a socioeconomic perspective. This paper analyses the socioeconomic determinants of population exposure at the city level in China. We first estimated population exposure to PM2.5 by integrating high resolution spatial distribution maps of PM2.5 concentrations and population density, using data for 2013. Then, geographically weighted regression (GWR) modeling was undertaken to explore the strength and direction of relationships between the selected socioeconomic factors and population exposure. The results indicate that approximately 75% of the population of China lived in an area where PM2.5 concentrations were over 35 μg/m3 in 2013. From the GWR models, we found that the percentages for cities that showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between population exposure and each of the six factors were: urbanization, 91.92%; industry share, 91.58%; construction level, 88.55%; urban expansion, 73.40%; income disparity, 64.98%; and private vehicles, 27.27%. The R-squared value for the six factors in the multivariable GWR model was 0.88, and all cities demonstrated a statistically significant relationship. More importantly, the association between the six factors and population exposure was found to be spatially heterogeneous at the local geographic level. Consideration of these six drivers of population exposure can help policy makers and epidemiologists to evaluate and reduce population exposure risks.

The perennial evergreen woody shrub, Rhododendron tomentosum, confers associational resistance against herbivory and oviposition on neighbouring plants through passive adsorption of some of its constitutively emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The adsorption process is dependent on transport of VOCs in the air. In polluted atmospheres, the VOCs may be degraded and adsorption impeded. We studied the effect of elevated ozone regimes on the adsorption of R. tomentosum volatiles to white cabbage, Brassica oleracea, and the oviposition of the specialist herbivore Plutella xylostella on the exposed plants. We found evidence for adsorption and re-emission of R. tomentosum volatiles by B. oleracea plants. Ozone changed the blend of R. tomentosum volatiles and reduced the amount of R. tomentosum volatiles recovered from B. oleracea plants. However, plants exposed to R. tomentosum volatiles received fewer P. xylostella eggs than control plants exposed to filtered air irrespective of whether R. tomentosum volatiles mixed with ozone. Ozone disrupts a volatile mediated passive plant-to-plant interaction by degrading some compounds and reducing the quantity available for adsorption by neighbouring plants. The change, however, did not affect the deterrence of oviposition by P. xylostella, suggesting that aromatic companion plants of Brassica crops may confer pest-deterring properties even in ozone-polluted environments.

The structure and organization of acoustic signals arise through evolutionary processes and adaptive pressures on each species. During learning, natural or anthropogenic factors, such as high noise levels in urban areas, pose challenges to acoustic communication in birds. Many species adjust their acoustic signals to higher noise levels by increasing the frequency of vocalizations. The objectives of this study were to compare the dominant frequency of songs among birds dwelling in forest fragments distant from and near to urban areas, establish correlations between the dominant frequency of song and noise levels in these environments and verified the difference of response between oscines, suboscines and non-passerines. We recorded vocalizations of birds between July/2013 and November/2014 in four forest fragments, two of them near and two distant from urban areas. We used Audacity software to measure the dominant frequency. We measured the ambient noise by a calibrated sound pressure level meter in decibels (dBA) in each of the forest fragments. We analyzed 3740 vocalizations of nine tropical bird species. Forest fragments near to urban areas have higher noise levels than more distant forest fragments. Eight of nine studied species presented higher dominant frequencies of songs in forest fragments near to urban areas. Only one species, Myiothlypis flaveola, did not change the dominant frequency of song between the four analyzed forest fragments. The difference in dominant frequency between the forest fragments distant and closer to the urban areas did not vary between oscines, suboscines and non-passerines. Eight tropical birds exhibited higher dominant frequencies of song in forest fragments near urban areas with high level of ambient noise. Oscine, suboscine and non-passerine showed song variations. Bird species that have differences in the vocalization dominant frequency can be used in environmental monitoring and in ethological studies, as they are sensitive to high noise levels.Noise pollution caused by the vehicular traffic and urbanization are correlates with changes in the vocalization of tropical birds in forest fragments.

Spatial uncertainty information of the environmental risk of soil heavy metal is crucial for precise environmental management. This study first compared three geostatistical methods for spatial simulation of soil Copper (Cu) in a peri-urban agriculture area of Wuhan city, China, that are sequential Gaussian co-simulation (CoSGS) with auxiliary in-situ portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) data (CoSGS_in-situ), CoSGS with auxiliary ex-situ PXRF data (CoSGS_ex-situ), and sequential Gaussian simulation without auxiliary data (SGS). Then, the environmental risk of soil Cu was assessed based on the joint thresholds of soil Cu and soil pH in the Chinese soil environmental quality standards II. The geostatistical simulated realizations of soil Cu and soil pH were used to calculate the probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds. Validation showed that CoSGS_ex-situ is slightly better than CoSGS_in-situ in the performance of both E-type estimates (i.e., mathematical expectation estimates) and uncertainty modelling of soil Cu, and SGS is the worst. The spatial uncertainty information of both soil Cu and soil pH was transferred to the environmental risk map through the corresponding geostatistical simulated realizations. The areas with higher probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds mainly located in the northwest and southwest of the study area. It is concluded that CoSGS_ex-situ and CoSGS_in-situ were more cost-effective than the traditional SGS in the spatial simulation of soil Cu, and the simulated realizations of soil Cu and soil pH provide a solution to the spatial assessment of the probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds.

Fluralaner is a novel isoxazoline insecticide which shows high insecticidal activity against parasitic, sanitary and agricultural pests, but there is little information about the effect of fluralaner on non-target organisms. This study reports the acute toxicity, bioconcentration, elimination and antioxidant response of fluralaner in zebrafish. All LC50 values of fluralaner to zebrafish were higher than 10 mg L⁻¹ at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. To study the bioconcentration and elimination, the zebrafish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of fluralaner (2.00 and 0.20 mg L⁻¹) for 15 d and then held 6 d in clean water. The results showed medium BCF of fluralaner with values of 12.06 (48 h) and 21.34 (144 h) after exposure to 2.00 and 0.20 mg L⁻¹ fluralaner, respectively. In the elimination process, a concentration of only 0.113 mg kg⁻¹ was found in zebrafish on the 6th day after removal to clean water. After exposure in 2.00 mg L⁻¹ fluralaner, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GST, GSH-PX, CarE and content of MDA were measured. Only CAT and CarE activities were significantly regulated and the others stayed at a stable level compared to the control group. Meanwhile, transcriptional expression of CYP1C2, CYP1D1, CYP11A were significantly down-regulated at 12 h exposed to 2.00 mg L⁻¹ of fluralaner. Except CYP1D1, others CYPs were up-regulated at different time during exposure periods.Fluralaner and its formulated product (BRAVECTO®) are of low toxicity to zebrafish and are rapidly concentrated in zebrafish and eliminated after exposure in clean water. Antioxidant defense and metabolic systems were involved in the fluralaner-induced toxicity. Among them, the activities of CAT and CarE, and most mRNA expression level of CYPs showed fast response to the sub-lethal concentration of fluralaner, which could be used as a biomarker relevant to the toxicity.