Septage comprises the solid and liquid constituents of any primary treatment system, including a Septic Tank. In this study, the wastewater collected from a septic tank is passed through a partially converted anaerobic filter, and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) before being sent to a soak pit. The main objective of this case study was to check the effectiveness of incorporating a VFCW between a septic tank and a soak pit to bring down the consequences created due to effluent seepage from soak pits to the groundwater. Conventionally, the effluent gets directly passed to soak pits after primary onsite treatment in the septic tank. The soak pit walls made of porous materials allow the gradual seepage of final effluent into the ground, polluting the groundwater reserves. We analyzed the septic tank effluent from 60 households wherein the effluent was let off into the soak pits. The various parameters analyzed with their averages were 393.83 ± 293.41 mg.L-1 for COD, 151.48 ± 94.37 mg.L-1 for BOD, 30.81 ± 13.05 mg.L-1 for NO3-, 23.35 ± 13.54 mg.L-1 for PO43-, 7.35 ± 0.31 for pH, 184.05 ± 163.20 mg.L-1 for TSS, 3.05 x 107± 2.04 x 108 CFU.100mL-1 for TC. Therefore, it is certain that the final effluent being sent into soak pits after primary treatment does not meet the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) discharge standards. In this case study, we were able to obtain final effluent values after VFCW treatment as 55.72 mg.L-1 for COD, 12.12 mg.L-1 for BOD, 10.2 mg.L-1 for NO3-, 3.74 mg.L-1 for PO43-, 7.41 for pH, 8.37 mg.L-1 for TSS, 379.27 mg.L-1 for TS and 51.9 CFU.100mL-1 for TC. With this case study, we were able to resolve this impediment by bringing down the values of all the parameters considered while analyzing under the limits of discharge standards set by CPCB. The removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NO3-, PO43-, pH, TSS, and TC after wetland was found to be 89.46%, 88.051, 63.484, 44.37%, 3.41%, 98.47%, 97.71%, 97.19% respectively. The study has proven that with the introduction of another decentralized treatment system between a septic tank and soak pit, it is safe to dispose of the effluent into soak pits, thereby reducing the chances of groundwater pollution considerably.

At present, the resource utilization of solid waste in China is facing prominent problems such as high production intensity, insufficient utilization, and low added value of products. The preparation of biomass composites from biomass solid waste and plastic solid waste reduces not only environmental pollution and energy consumption but also promotes the high-value utilization of solid waste. So, the characterization and preparation experiments of samples with two different biomass are carried out. The wheat straw fiber and corn straw fiber were added into the bio-asphalt mixture with the content of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%, respectively, with the content of 9% and 12% bio-heavy oil. The physical properties and rheological properties of asphalt were analyzed and evaluated by three indexes and a dynamic shear rheological test. Through the rutting test and immersion Marshall test, high-temperature performance and biological asphalt mixture’s water stability were evaluated. The results show that straw fiber can improve bio-asphalt mixture’s road performance, especially the performance of high-temperature rutting. When the fiber content of bio-asphalt with 9% bio-heavy oil content is 0.3%, the physical properties and rheological properties of bio-asphalt are the best. Corn straw fiber’s influence on bio-asphalt mixture was better than that of wheat straw fiber.

Water is essential for life and it is an inorganic constituent of living matter. Water pipeline systems are sighted as problematic in aquatic habitats in which multiple pathogens are occupied including fungi. They have rigid cell walls containing glucans and chitin. The bodies of fungi comprise filaments called hyphae. These hyphae are split into a mat of interwoven single cells made of mycelium. Fungi can pollute the drinking water system and are responsible for biofilm formation. Biofilms are complex polymers containing many times their dry weight in water. Moisture is essential for biofilm formation. The occurrence of biofilms affects the quality of drinking water. Hence, the present study is aimed at recovering the fungi from drinking water samples and their biofilm formation in the water pipeline system. Drinking water samples such as mineral water, tap water, and RO-purified water are collected from different places. Fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor were recovered from these samples and most species belong to Aspergillus and Penicillium. Further, the biofilm formation of fungi from cast iron in the pipeline system was detected using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis.

Environmental damage due to the discharge of organic pollutants and heavy metal toxins has become a major topic of concern for the past couple of years. Using just a natural adsorbent to solve wastewater concerns has lately gained popularity as an ecologically acceptable solution that encourages long-term growth. A range of approaches, including adsorption to the surface of agricultural leftovers, have been used to minimize heavy metals in an aqueous medium. Lead is amongst the most hazardous and widely discovered toxic substances in industrial waste. Citrus limetta peel powder, Banana peel powder, and Betel leaf powder were chosen as adsorbents in this study to absorb synthetic lead from an aqueous solution since they are low-cost materials. Our research aims to find natural bio-sorbents that can remove highly hazardous Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The importance of contact time, concentrations, adsorbent-based dose, and pH in the adsorption process is investigated. The adsorption rate for betel leaves, Citrus limetta peel, and banana peel was 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g.L-1. Citrus limetta peel (10 g.L-1), banana peel (5 g.L-1), and betel leaf (5 g.L-1) provide the highest lead adsorption. Material characterization is used to determine the lead nitrate process in lead adsorption. The capacity of the lead-adsorbing substances to achieve adsorption equilibrium was assessed and estimated using linear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, with the experimental data fitting the Freundlich isotherm models.

Environmental pollution is a serious concern nowadays with its disastrous impact on living organisms. In several types of pollution, Air pollution takes on a crucial role by directly affecting the respiratory system and causing fatal diseases in humans. Air pollution is a mixture of gaseous and particulate matter interweaved by different sources and emanating into the atmosphere. In particular, particle pollutants are critical in growing air pollution in India’s main cities. Forecasting the particulate matter could mitigate the complications caused by it. The employment of a model to predict future values based on previously observed values is known as time series forecasting. In this paper, the PM2.5 pollutant emission data recorded at the Kodungaiyur region of Chennai city were forecasted using three-time series models. The standard ARIMA model is compared with the deep learning-based LSTM model and Facebook’s developed Prophet algorithm. This comparison helps to identify an appropriate forecasting model for PM2.5 pollutant emission. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) acquired from experimental findings is used to compare model performances.

Due to immense population growth and economic development, the use of crude oil for various energy applications has escalated in the past few decades. This has led to the large-scale exploitation of oil reserves which has further resulted in the accidental release of large amounts of oil into our oceans. In recent years, significant emphasis has been placed on processes involving oil sorption by various natural and synthetic sorbents. Several sorbent materials based on synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, etc., possessing three-dimensional porous structure, large surface area, high mechanical strength, and exhibiting good oil recoverability and reusability, have been employed for oil-water separation processes. Conversely, many of these materials in their native or pristine form are amphipathic, which prevents their large-scale use in oil spill clean-up. This has led to researchers exploring surface modifications of commercially available sorbent polymeric materials to enhance their oleophilicity and hydrophobicity. This review article summarizes and discusses recent advances in the strategies for the fabrication of newer surface-modified synthetic polymeric materials and natural bio-based sorbents, and further highlights their effectiveness in dealing with the oil/water separation challenges.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) continues to be a major challenge in almost every country. In Indonesia alone, approximately 64 million tons of MSW are produced on an annual basis. While polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles account for 12% of all plastic products, the waste is not well managed. Many stakeholders are involved in PET bottle waste recycling but no forum for stakeholders has been established. In this study, the aim is to identify an acceptable system for PET bottle waste, to determine the role and function of each stakeholder, and to propose a framework under the perspective of public-private partnerships. The study’s novelty is the elaborate roles and schematic framework for various stakeholders in PET bottle waste. The aim is to identify an acceptable scheme for PET bottle waste and determine each stakeholder’s role and function. Data was generated from electronic databases (2017 to December 2021) a systematic literature review methodology followed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review. The data were analyzed by the Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach. This study found that the laws and regulations for waste management in Indonesia are not suitable for dealing with PET bottle waste, and the government carries out limited tasks and dedicates few resources to managing the waste. A public-private partnership framework was proposed to divide the role, commitment, goal, and activities of each stakeholder to properly manage PET bottle waste.

The world is facing a huge problem of waste generation; among these, solid waste in the form of glass has become a prime concern for the environment. The composition of the glass is silica-based, and its utilization in the preparation of concrete can be an efficient step in the direction of sustainable development by reducing the cement content. The formation of secondary calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) could take place due to the pozzolanic reaction of the fine ground glass with the cement. TGA techniques were used in this research to investigate the chemical properties of the waste glass, and later, these were compared with the properties of the cement. By keeping a constant w/b ratio for all the replacement levels from 0% to 35%, the evaluation of the workability and compressive strength were done. The evaluation showed that workability increased with an increase in the content of the waste glass. With 7 and 28 days cured samples, the strength and chemical investigation were conducted on the samples prepared with the same mix design. Constant Dose of superplasticizer used by weight of cement for mixes as 0.8%. Compared with the control sample, The level of replacement of waste glass to cement as 30% has depicted the augmentation in the compressive strength. Thus, the use of waste glass was found to be cost-effective and an environment-friendly solution for the sustainable development of concrete.

Heavy metals are discharged into the soil around us from various anthropogenic sources and also by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc. In most cases, industrialization can be pointed to as the reason behind soil pollution. Contamination of soil leads to large-scale environmental degradation and health impacts. Many investigators have studied techniques for removing heavy metals from soil. Soil washing is an emerging area that can be implemented for this purpose. Studies were carried out in the controlled conditions of a laboratory environment to determine the suitability of soil-washing techniques for removing lead from polluted land. The results showing the influence of various parameters in soil washing, such as duration of washing, molar strength of the solution used, the weight ratio of soil to wash solution, etc., are presented in this paper. Batch studies were conducted to investigate the performance of chelating agents such as Na2EDTA, HCl, HNO3 and CaCl2 with regard to the removal of lead from artificially contaminated locally available soil. Based on the batch studies, it is observed that the strength of the washing solution, the proportion of soil and solution, the period of agitation, etc. influence the removal of contaminants. Based on the studies, it is concluded that, while recommending soil washing using chelating agents for remediating lead-contaminated soils, it is essential to identify the influencing parameters and determine the optimum conditions so that higher removal can be achieved without any adverse effect.

Based on the sand volume and sedimentation volume data for different particle size (PS) groups, the relationship between the annual scouring and silting amount of the Juliu River-Liujianfang section and the yearly sediment volume entering the downstream river channel was established. The critical values of sediment storage and release for the downstream river channel were obtained. It was found to decrease with an increase in the sediment particle size. The correlation coefficient between the annual scouring and silting amount of the Juliu River-Liujianfang section and the annual sediment volume entering the downstream river channel increased with the coarsening of sediment PS. It indicated that the sediment size was proportional to the sediment amount (SA) entering the river channel. As the sediment size increased, the deposition amount increased due to the variation of unit sediment amount. Based on the treatment and achievement of source areas with sediment sizes larger than 0.05 mm, it is significant to concentrate on treatment areas with sediment sizes larger than 0.10 mm.