Risk assessment is needed for registration of each new phytopharmaceutical active substance at EU level. In France, the competent authority for registration is the Ministrer of Agriculture, taking into account opinions from "Commission des Toxiques" and "Comité d'Homologation". In regulatory risk assessment, environmental risk is estimated by the usual approach, combining exposure and hazard to calculate risk. Exposure is characterized by estimation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC); hazard is estimated from ecotoxicological assays with different plant and/or animal species. Risk is characterized as a toxicity/exposure ratio, which is compared to a trigger value. This approach is simple, probably efficient, and could be scientifically improved. However, the system is not perfect, the main limitation being the variety of local environmental conditions. Furthermore, authorizations are based on specific products, and can not integrate a variety of agricultural practices. Biomonitoring is needed. | Depuis la Directive européenne 91/414, l'évaluation du risque environnemental est une obligation réglementaire pour toute nouvelle substance active phytopharmaceutique. En France, l'homologation dépend du Ministre de l'Agriculture, après avis de la Commission des Toxiques et du Comité d'Homologation. Le risque environnemental se détermine en combinant les 2 composantes du risque, danger et exposition. L'exposition se caractérise par le calcul des concentrations environnementales prévisibles dans l'environnement (PEC), et le danger par des données d'écotoxicité, déterminées à partir d'essais sur différentes espèces animales et végétales. Le risque est caractérisé par un rapport toxicité/exposition, comparé ensuite à une valeur-seuil. Le système est simple, probablement assez efficace, et peut être encore amélioré, en fonction des progrès scientifiques. Cependant, les limites de l'approche réglementaire sont connues, la principale étant la variété des situations environnementales. Enfin, les autorisations de mise sur le marché concernent des produits et ne peuvent intégrer la grande variété des pratiques agricoles. Une biosurveillance des milieux s'impose.

National audience

National audience

National audience

National audience

National audience

National audience

Rising concern about agricultural non-print water pollution has led to the proposal of many regulatory measures. Agri-environmental programmes have been implemented in the different EU Member States according to the Commission regulation 2078/92. Best management practices, one of the most popular tools, have rarely been assessed in a fully satisfying way. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to provide planners in charge of the implementation of BMPs in the field of combating diffusion pollution either at a national or local scale, with both a guideline allowing the definition of critical areas on which efforts should be place in priority, and a selection grid permitting the assessment of BMPs in a three-dimensional space defined by environmental effectiveness, associated economic costs and social acceptability by farmers and land managers. Expectedd results should contribute to help Member States choosing the most appropriate measures and ways for an efficient implementation of BMPs, with the support of scientifically validated technical and economic recommendations. | Le principal objectif de ce projet est de procurer aux acteurs responsables de la lutte contre la pollution diffuse grâce aux meilleures pratiques de gestion une échelle nationale ou locale qui indique les zones prioritaires et l'évaluation des méthodes par l'efficacité environnementale, les coûts économiques associés et l'acceptation sociale de la part des agriculteurs et des gestionnaires des terres.

The treatment of polluted air by passing it through biological filters is proving more effective and less expensive than conventional physical and chemical technologies. This book overviews the major bioreactor designs currently available on the market. The first part explains the principles of the different techniques, followed by descriptions of full-scale bioreactor applications for each system. Topics of the 14 chapters include biotrickling filters, membrane bioreactors, rotating biological contactors, activated sludge, biofiltration of waste gases from a dairy industry, and a bioscrubber for cleaning waste gases from wastewater treatment plants. c. Book News Inc.