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Decrease in catalase activity of Folsomia candida fed a Bt rice diet
2011
Yuan, Yiyang | Ke, Xin | Chen, Fajun | Krogh, Paul Henning | Ge, Feng
Here we report the effects of three Bt-rice varieties and their non-Bt conventional isolines on biological traits including survival, reproduction, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, in the Collembolan, Folsomia candida. The reproduction was significantly lower when fed Kemingdao and Huahui1 than those feeding on their non-GM near-isogenic varieties Xiushui and Minghui63 respectively, this can be explained by the differences of plant compositions depended on variety of rice. The catalase activity of F. candida was significantly lower when fed the Bt-rice variety Kemingdao compared to the near-isogenic non-Bt-rice variety Xiushui. This suggests that some Bt-rice varieties may impose environmental stress to collembolans. We emphasize that changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes of non-target organisms are important in understanding the ecological consequences for organisms inhabiting transgenic Bt-rice plantations.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe
2011
Harmens, H. | Norris, D.A. | Cooper, D.M. | Mills, G. | Steinnes, E. | Kubin, E. | Thöni, L. | Aboal, J.R. | Alber R., | Carballeira, A. | Coşkun, M. | De Temmerman, L. | Frolova, M. | González-Miqueo, L. | Jeran, Z. | Leblond, S. | Liiv, S. | Maňkovská, B. | Pesch, R. | Poikolainen, J. | Rühling, Å | Santamaria, J.M. | Simonèiè, P. | Schröder, W. | Suchara, I. | Yurukova, L. | Zechmeister, H.G.
In 2005/6, nearly 3000 moss samples from (semi-)natural location across 16 European countries were collected for nitrogen analysis. The lowest total nitrogen concentrations in mosses (<0.8%) were observed in northern Finland and northern UK. The highest concentrations (≥1.6%) were found in parts of Belgium, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia and Bulgaria. The asymptotic relationship between the nitrogen concentrations in mosses and EMEP modelled nitrogen deposition (averaged per 50 km × 50 km grid) across Europe showed less scatter when there were at least five moss sampling sites per grid. Factors potentially contributing to the scatter are discussed. In Switzerland, a strong (r² = 0.91) linear relationship was found between the total nitrogen concentration in mosses and measured site-specific bulk nitrogen deposition rates. The total nitrogen concentrations in mosses complement deposition measurements, helping to identify areas in Europe at risk from high nitrogen deposition at a high spatial resolution.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Will PM control undermine China’s efforts to reduce soil acidification?
2011
Zhao, Yu | Duan, Lei | Lei, Yu | Xing, Jia | Nielsen, Chris P. | Hao, Jiming
China’s strategies to control acidifying pollutants and particulate matter (PM) may be in conflict for soil acidification abatement. Acidifying pollutant emissions are estimated for 2005 and 2020 with anticipated control policies. PM emissions including base cations (BCs) are evaluated with two scenarios, a base case applying existing policy to 2020, and a control case including anticipated tightened measures. Depositions of sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and BCs are simulated and their acidification risks are evaluated with critical load (CL). In 2005, the area exceeding CL covered 15.6% of mainland China, with total exceedance of 2.2 Mt S. These values decrease in the base scenario 2020, implying partial recovery from acidification. Under more realistic PM control, the respective estimates are 17.9% and 2.4 Mt S, indicating increased acidification risks due to abatement of acid-neutralizing BCs. China’s anthropogenic PM abatement will have potentially stronger chemical implications for acidification than developed countries.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Urban and rural mortality rates during heat waves in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany
2011
Gabriel, Katharina M.A. | Endlicher, Wilfried R.
In large cities such as Berlin, human mortality rates increase during intense heat waves. Analysis of relevant data from north-eastern Germany revealed that, during the heat waves that occurred between 1990 and 2006, health risks were higher for older people in both rural and urban areas, but that, during the two main heat waves within that 17-year period of time, the highest mortality rates were from the city of Berlin, and in particular from its most densely built-up districts. Adaptation measures will need to be developed, particularly within urban areas, in order to cope with the expected future intensification of heat waves due to global climate change.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Ecosystem responses to reduced and oxidised nitrogen inputs in European terrestrial habitats
2011
Stevens, Carly J. | Manning, Pete | van den Berg, Leon J.L. | de Graaf, Maaike C.C. | Wamelink, G.W Wieger | Boxman, Andries W. | Bleeker, Albert | Vergeer, Philippine | Arroniz-Crespo, Maria | Limpens, Juul | Lamers, Leon P.M. | Bobbink, Roland | Dorland, Edu
While it is well established that ecosystems display strong responses to elevated nitrogen deposition, the importance of the ratio between the dominant forms of deposited nitrogen (NHₓ and NOy) in determining ecosystem response is poorly understood. As large changes in the ratio of oxidised and reduced nitrogen inputs are occurring, this oversight requires attention. One reason for this knowledge gap is that plants experience a different NHₓ:NOy ratio in soil to that seen in atmospheric deposits because atmospheric inputs are modified by soil transformations, mediated by soil pH. Consequently species of neutral and alkaline habitats are less likely to encounter high NH₄ ⁺ concentrations than species from acid soils. We suggest that the response of vascular plant species to changing ratios of NHₓ:NOy deposits will be driven primarily by a combination of soil pH and nitrification rates. Testing this hypothesis requires a combination of experimental and survey work in a range of systems.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake sediments from the High Tatras
2011
van Drooge, Barend L. | López, Jordi | Fernández, Pilar | Grimalt, Joan O. | Stuchlík, Evzen
European alpine lake systems are used as indicators of air quality over the continent. Preliminary data showed high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) loads in the High Tatras (Eastern Europe) in comparison to other mountain regions. Here, insight on the spatial distribution of PAH is provided from analysis of top-core sediments of 27 alpine lakes distributed along the High Tatras. Top-core sediment concentrations were higher than those in deep-cores, and they were higher than those observed in other European high mountain regions. The PAH profiles were uniform and comparable to those observed in aerosols and snow, indicating that atmospheric deposition was the predominant PAH input pathway to the lakes. Good agreement between estimated atmospheric deposition and sedimentation fluxes was observed. However, in several lakes in the western range higher sediment fluxes may correspond to higher PAH depositions levels. The higher concentrations may also reflect inputs from potential emission source areas.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Assessing the relationship between global warming and mortality: Lag effects of temperature fluctuations by age and mortality categories
2011
Yu, Weiwei | Mengersen, Kerrie | Hu, Wenbiao | Guo, Yuming | Pan, Xiaochuan | Tong, Shilu
Although interests in assessing the relationship between temperature and mortality have arisen due to climate change, relatively few data are available on lag structure of temperature–mortality relationship, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. This study identified the lag effects of mean temperature on mortality among age groups and death categories using polynomial distributed lag models in Brisbane, Australia, a subtropical city, 1996–2004. For a 1 °C increase above the threshold, the highest percent increase in mortality on the current day occurred among people over 85 years (7.2% (95% CI: 4.3%, 10.2%)). The effect estimates among cardiovascular deaths were higher than those among all-cause mortality. For a 1 °C decrease below the threshold, the percent increases in mortality at 21 lag days were 3.9% (95% CI: 1.9%, 6.0%) and 3.4% (95% CI: 0.9%, 6.0%) for people aged over 85 years and with cardiovascular diseases, respectively. These findings may have implications for developing intervention strategies to reduce and prevent temperature-related mortality.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Atmospheric concentrations, sources and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs in Beijing after the 29th Olympic Games
2011
Ma, Wanli | Sun, De-Zhi | Shen, Wei-Guo | Yang, Meng | Qi, Hong | Liu, Li-Yan | Shen, Ji-Min | Li, Yi-Fan
A comprehensive sampling campaign was carried out to study atmospheric concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing and to evaluate the effectiveness of source control strategies in reducing PAHs pollution after the 29th Olympic Games. The sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (logPL ᵒ)-based model and octanol-air partition coefficient (Kₒₐ)-based model were applied based on each seasonal dateset. Regression analysis among log KP, logPL ᵒ and log Kₒₐ exhibited high significant correlations for four seasons. Source factors were identified by principle component analysis and contributions were further estimated by multiple linear regression. Pyrogenic sources and coke oven emission were identified as major sources for both the non-heating and heating seasons. As compared with literatures, the mean PAH concentrations before and after the 29th Olympic Games were reduced by more than 60%, indicating that the source control measures were effective for reducing PAHs pollution in Beijing.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Revisiting the question of the importance of the organic component
2011
Cornell, Sarah E.
The organic component of atmospheric reactive nitrogen plays a role in biogeochemical cycles, climate and ecosystems. Although its deposition has long been known to be quantitatively significant, it is not routinely assessed in deposition studies and monitoring programmes. Excluding this fraction, typically 25–35%, introduces significant uncertainty in the determination of nitrogen deposition, with implications for the critical loads approach. The last decade of rainwater studies substantially expands the worldwide dataset, giving enough global coverage for specific hypotheses to be considered about the distribution, composition, sources and effects of organic-nitrogen deposition. This data collation and meta-analysis highlights knowledge gaps, suggesting where data-gathering efforts and process studies should be focused. New analytical techniques allow long-standing conjectures about the nature and sources of organic N to be investigated, with tantalising indications of the interplay between natural and anthropogenic sources, and between the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrient status of bermudagrass grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue
2011
Giridhar Babu, A. | Sudhakara Reddy, M.
A nursery experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in encouraging the vegetation cover on bauxite residue (red mud) sites. An alkali tolerant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) adapted to local conditions were grown in red mud with different amendments with and without AM fungi to assess mycorrhizal effects on plant growth, mineral nutrition, metal uptake and neutralization of bauxite residue. Inoculation of AM fungi significantly increased the plant growth, nutrient uptake and reduced Fe, Al accumulation in plant tissue and also improved the soil physico-chemical and biochemical properties. Gypsum and sludge amended treatments inoculated with AM fungi had maximum biomass, nutrient uptake and reduced accumulation of metals. The neutralization of red mud was significant in presence of AM fungi than control. The experiment provided evidence for the potential use of bermudagrass in combination with AM fungi for ecological restoration of bauxite residue sites.
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